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Marginal tax rate 边际税率
The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Market 市场 A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service Market economy 市场经济 An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure 市场失灵 A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Market for loanable funds 可贷资金市场 The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds Market power 市场力量 The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices Medium of exchange 交换媒介 An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services Menu costs 菜单成本 The costs of changing prices Microeconomics 微观经济学 The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 总需求与总供给模型 The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend Monetary neutrality 货币中性 The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables Monetary policy 货币政策 The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank Money 货币 The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Money multiplier 货币乘数 The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves Money supply 货币供给 The quantity of money available in the economy Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical Monopoly 垄断 A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes Multiplier effect 乘数效应 The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending Mutual fund 共同基金 An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds M1, M2, M3 货币供给量的度量 measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds managerial slack 管理松懈 the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition marginal costs and benefits 边际成本和边际收益 costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向 the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向 the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向 the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar marginal utility 边际效用 the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo |
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