核心语法 1

吾(⊙o⊙)伊 2011-01-06

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齐辙老师：应许多未上过基础班学生要求，我现将所有核心语法讲解及练习题发上来。
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第一讲句子构成成分分析 ]XlBV-@b
句子构成 o<lmU8xB=
构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。 CzreX3i
一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing 、To do五种。 j|[$P4w}U
1    名词： *"_[1]W1}^
Success is the result of good judgment.   _0u=}tc
Life lights the candle of hope. bYQ
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2    代词： CTg79 ITYk
We live and learn.   lz>.mXdx
I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am. ^Ar1V!PFk
3    主语从句： P^Og(F8;
How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.   *h
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What is worth doing is worth doing well. AGwdM-$iT
4    V-ing: 7?_g m>]a
Losing can be a real beginning. -zt*C&)b
Believing in yourself is the secret of success. y~t e!C
5    To do: %[L/JJbP&Z
To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside world. ND e FY
To know is wisdom and to do is a skill. >*l2] 3' `
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二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。 /

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1    表状态用系动词：
Life is full of ups and downs.
Life is hope and hope is life.
2    表动作用及物或不及物动词：
Many hands make light work.
I came I saw I conquered.
3    表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be
Every dog has its day.
In a full heart, there is room for everything.
4    情态动词＋动词原形：
A man may die, nations may fall, but an idea lives on. (w, Gv-S

三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing 、To do五种。
1    名词：
Reading enriches our mind.
Haste makes waste.
2    宾语从句：
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Temptation discovers what we are.
3    复合结构：
If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win. FH7h??!|t
4    V-ing:
You are never a loser until you quit trying.
Reading is like opening a window to the outside world.
5    To do:
Winners expect to win in advance.
One should learn to forgive.

四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1    名词：
Life is not a bed of roses.
Today is our only sure possession.
2    形容词：
Time is fleeting and art is long.
Change is constant.
3    V-ing:
Courage is doing what others think you can’t do.
Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
4    To do:
To change attitude is to change life.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. ?L0|$#Iw
5    从句：
The real measure of success is how happy we are.
Love is what links two souls.

五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“……..的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1    形容词：
A warm smile is the universal language.
Each moment in history is a fleeting time.
2    名词：
Adversity teaches one a great deal about survival skills.
Life education is the basis for success in the knowledge society.
名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数以下为常用名词修饰名词词组）
    1    Information    technology
    2    Information    center
    3    Credit    card
    4    Generation    gap
    5    Beauty    contest
    6    Communication    skills
    7    Information    age
    8    Knowledge    economy
    9    Peace    talks
    10    Service    industry
    11    Water    scarcity
    12    Survival    skills
    13    Press    conference
    14    Safety    standard
    15    Life    insurance
    16    Weather    forecast
    17    Reception    desk
    18    Coffee    break
    19    Body    guard
    20    Heart    attack
    21    Department    store
    22    Stock    market
    23    Office    building
    24    Science    fiction
3    V-ing:
Failure is a learning experience.
The starting point of all achievements is desire.
4    To do:
There is no time to lose.
One’s greatest power is the power to choose.
5    定语从句：
That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.
Success is a process that never ends.

六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、To do 、V-ing 、V-ed 六种。
1    副词：
Still water runs deep.
One should have clearly defined goals.
Excellency is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well.
Clearly, one’s fate is in his/her own hands.
2    状语从句：
When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you.
Nothing is ordinary if one knows how to use it.
3    状语从句省略结构：
If possible, go after your dream forever!
4    To do ：
To associate with friends, one should be honest and open.
To leap higher, one can draw back.
5    V-ing ：
Lacking a clear world outlook, life becomes a kind of burden.
Bad books are poison, doing harm to one’s heart and soul.
6    V-ed ：
United we stand; divided we fall.
Well done, the smallest task becomes a miracle of achievement.

七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）常做宾语补足语的有形容词和To do 两种。
1    形容词：
Histories make men wise.
Love makes the world more colorful for all.
2    To do:
Difficulties train one to be great.
Motive urges one to make progress.

八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。
1    名词：
We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.
Never give up your dream, the source of happiness.
2    从句：
Failure is a sign that one should explore other opportunities.
The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.

九、插入语
插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。
1    Indeed的确，
2    Surely无疑，
3    However然而，
4    Obviously显然，
5    Frankly坦率地说，
6    Naturally自然，
7    Luckily (或happily)for somebody算某人幸运，
8    Fortunately/Luckily幸好，
9    Roughly 大体上来说，
10    Briefly简单地说,
11    Strange to say说也奇怪，
12    Needless to say不用说，
13    Most important of all最为重要是，
14    Worse still更糟糕的是，
15    In a few words(或in sum，in short)简而言之，
16    In other words换句话说，
17    In a sense在某种意义上，
18    In general一般说来，
19    In my view在我看来，
20    In conclusion总之，
21    In summary概括地说，
22    To be true  诚然，
23    In the first place首先，
24    In addition此外，
25    Of course当然，
26    To my knowledge据我所知，
27    For instance(或example)例如，
28    As a matter of fact事实上,
29    Strictly speaking严格地说，
30    Generally speaking一般地说，
31    Judging from根据…判断,
32    To be sure无疑，
33    To sum up概括地说，
34    To tell the truth老实说,
35    I am sure我可以肯定地说，
36    I believe我相信，
37    I wonder我不知道，
38    That is也就是说，
39    It seems看来是，
40    As I see it照我看来，
41    What is important (serious)重要(严重)的是，
42    In a nutshell总之，
43    In the final analysis归根结底，
44    At any rate不管怎么说，
45    On the contrary相反，
46    In the long run从长远来看，
47    By contrast对比而言，
48    Morally speaking 从道德的层面上来说，
49    In comparison相比之下，
50    In theory从理论上来说，