初中英语疑难例析300例 （102---117）102．连系动词后可以接to be 吗
例 The story sounds ____ ．
A．to be true B．as true
C．being true D．true
此题应选D。该题很容易误选A。这里涉及连系动词后是否接to be的题：
1．在seem，appear，prove，continue 等连系动词以及用作连系动词的短语tum out 等之后，可以接to be，但可省略：
He seems（to be） sad．他似乎很伤心。
He appears（to be） angry．他似乎生气了。
The news tumed out[proved]（to be）false．那消息结果是假的。
2．在feel，smell，sound，taste 等连系动词后不接to be：
这汤味道不错。
正：The soup tastes nice．
误：The soup tastes to be nice．
在look（看起来）之后是否接to be，语法专家意见不一，但总的说来，以不用为佳。
3．在表语形容词前的to be 通常不省略：
He seems[appears]to be asleep．他似乎睡着了。
He seemed to be awake when I went into his room．
我进屋时，他似乎醒了。
He doesn't seem to be afraid of it．他似乎不怕它。
He seems quite sure of it．他似乎对此很有把握。
She appeared to be very fond of the book．
她似乎很喜欢这本书。
103．要分清是连系动词还是实义动词
例 a．He looks ____ ．
b．He looked ____ at his broken car．
A．sad，sad B．sadly，sadly
C．sad，sadly D．sadly，sad
此题应选C。这里要分清look 用作实义动词和连系动词的两种不同用法。从句意和结构上看：a 句中的look 是连系动词（句意为：他看起来很伤心），所以此句用形容词sad 作表语。b 句中的look 是实义动词（句意为：他伤心地看着他的破汽车；另外句子中的介词at 也给我们一定的提示），所以此句用副词sadly 作状语。
以下各例也涉及实义动词和连系动词的两种用法：
1．a．Hearing this，she felt ____ ．
b．I felt ____ we should take some action．
A．happy，strong B．happily，strongly
C．happy，strongly D．happily，strong
2．a．The dog is too dirty and smells ____ ．
b．The dog can't be used for hunting，for he smells ____ ．
A．bad，bad B．badly，badly
C．bad，badly D．badly，bad
3． a．He worked very hard，and his dream came ____ at last。
b．The boy came ____ to the shop with the money his mother gave him．
A．true，happy B．truly，happily
C．truly，happy D．true，happily
答案：1．C 2．C 3．D
104．连系动词come，go 有何差别
例 It was a pity that he ____ blind，but to the joy of his family，
his dream of becoming a musician ____ true at last．
A．came，came B．went，went
C．came，went D． went，came
此题应选D。句中的go，come 都是连系动词，两者在用法上应注意：
1．两者用作连系动词，都可表示事物的变化。一般说来，go 主要用于“坏”的变化，而come 主要用于“好”的变化：
These apples have gone bad．这些苹果变坏了。
Something has gone wrong with the radio．
这部收音机什么地方出毛病了。
Her mother has gone mad．她母亲疯了。
Things will come right．一切都会顺利的。
My dream has come true．我的梦想实现了。
2．表示像人的生理变化，通常用go：go blind 变瞎 go deaf 变聋 go grey 两鬓渐白 go bald 变秃但是注意：go 一般不与 old，tired，ill 等连用。
3．在表示颜色方面的变化时，通常用go（有时也用turn，但语气更正式）：
Leaves go[turn]brown in autumn．秋季树叶变黄。
She went[turned]pale at the news．她听到这个消息脸色变得苍白。
His hair was going[turning]grey．他的头发慢慢地变白了。
105．并列主语受every，each 修饰，谓语用单数还是复数
例 Every boy and girl ____ the film．
Each boy and girl ____ the film．
A．likes，likes B．like，like
C．likes，like D．like，likes
此题应选A。该题容易误选B，认为主语部分含有boy 和girl 两部分，应该用复数。
其实当两个并列主语受到each，every，no 等词修饰时，其谓语通常要用单数：
Each boy and（each）girl was in white．
每个男孩和女孩都穿着白衣服。
Every man and woman was interested in it．
每一个男人和女人都对此感兴趣。
Each book and each paper was in proper place．
每本书和每张报纸都摆放得井井有条。
Every man and（every） woman in the village knows this．
这个村子里的男男女女都知道这事。
Every boy and every girl is given an apple．
每个男孩和每个女孩都被发给一个苹果。
No teacher and（no）student was present．
没有一个老师和学生出席。
He listened carefully，but no sound and no voice was heard．
他仔细地听，但是没听到一点声音。
106．each 用作主语同位语，谓语用单数还是复数
例 a．Each student ____ a dictionary．
b．The students each ____ a dictionary．
A．have，have B．have，has
C．has，have D．has，has
此题应选C。a 句的谓语用单数，这很显然。b 句的谓语要用复数，这点考生很容易出错。其实a，b 两句的意思是一样的（=每个学生都有一本字典），但是注意：b 句真正的主语是the stu-dents，其后的each是主语的同位语，由于谓语是与主语保持一致（而不是与其同位语保持一致），所以此句要选have。
请看以下例句：
We each have a computer．
我们每人都有一台电脑。
They each have read the book．
他们每个人都读过这本书。
The young people each carry a big bag．
这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子。
My brother and I each have a car．
我和我兄弟每人都有一辆小汽车。
顺便说一句，若用each of 作主语，其谓语通常是用单数，
但在口语或非正式英语中也可用复数
（不如用单数常见）：
Each of the boys was[were]deeply frightened．
男孩子们个个都惊恐万分。
Each of these books was[were]interesting．
这些书当中每一本都很有趣。
Each of the students has his[have their]own books．
每个学生都有自己的书。
107．谓语应该跟主语一致还是跟表语一致
例 We Chinese ____ a hard-working people．
A．is B．are C．is Being D ． are Being
此题应选B。这里考生要注意的是：我们通常说的是主谓一致（即谓语与主语保持一致），而不是表谓一致（即不是谓语与表语一致），本题意为：我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。
注意以下类似例子：
These two dictionaries are a present for my best friend Jim．
这两本词典是我送给我最好朋友吉姆的礼物。
The planets were the object of his study．
这些行星是他研究的目标。
The most important thing I need is books.
我需要的最重要的东西是书。
The country's leading export is watches．
这个国家的主输出品是手表。
The best part of the meal is the coffee and cookies．
这餐饭最好的部分是咖啡和饼干。
但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能，它的谓语到底用单数还是复数，要看具体的语境（多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数）：
1．a．Who is your brother？
谁是你的兄弟？
b．Who are your brothers？
哪些是你的兄弟？
2．a．What he said is quite correct．
他所说的完全正确。
b．What he left me are only a few old books．
他给我留下的只是几本旧书。
108．集合名词作主语，谓语的数如何确定
例 1．His family ____ a small one．
2．His family ____fat and short．
A．is，is B．are，are C．is，are D．are，is
此题应选C。family 是一个集合名词，具有单数（侧重指整体）和复数（侧重指个体）两种可能。类似这种用法的词主要的有：
team（队，队员），class（班，班上的全体学生），
crowd（人群），govemment（政府），crew（乘务员），
committee（委员会，委员们），audience（听众）等：
1．a．This class consists of 45 students．Mr Green teaches it．
这个班45 个学生，由格林先生教。
b．This class are all diligent．Mr Green teaches them．
这个班的学生都很用功，由格林先生教。
2．a．The team is the best in the league．
这个队在联赛中打得最好。
b．The football team are having baths．
足球队队员们在洗澡。
3．a．It was late，but the audience was increasing．
时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。
b．The audience were all moved to tears．
听众都感动得流了泪。
但是并不是所有的集合名词都具有以上两种用法：
1．有的集合名词总是用作单数（不可数）：clothing 衣服，poetry 诗歌，baggage／luggage 行李，furniture 家俱，
machinery 机械，scenery 景色，jewellery 珠宝等
2．有的集合名词总是表示复数意义（但不用复数形式）：
people 人，police 警察，cattle 牲口等. 109．这类结构的谓语应与哪个主语保持一致
例 A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift．
A．is offered B．has offered
C．are offered D．have offered
此题应选A。用连词and 连接的两个并列主语，其谓语要用复数，但是若主语跟有with，like，but，except，besides，includ-ing，together with，along with，as well as，more than，no less than，rather than 等连接的另一个名词，其谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致：
1．Nobody but Betty and Mary ____ late for class yesterday．
A．was B．were C．has been D．have been
2．A woman with some children ____ soon．
A．is coming B．are coming
C．has come D．have come
3．No one except my parents ____ anything about this。
A．know B．knows C．is known D．are known
4．The teacher as well as the students ____ the book already．
A．has read B．have read
C．are reading D．is reading
5．All but one ____ in the accident．
A．was killed B．were killed
C．will be killed D．are killed
答案：1．A 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．B
110．这类并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致
例 a．You or he ____ to blame． b． ____ you or he to blame？ A．is，is B．are，Are C．is，Are D． are，is
此题应选C。在通常情况下，两个并列主语由or，either…or，neither…nor，not...but，not only…but（also）等连接时，其谓语通常与第二个主语（即临近的一个主语）保持一致：
1．One or two days ____ enough to see the city．
A．is B．are C．am D．be
2．Neither my wife nor I myself ____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind．
A．is B．are C．am D．be
3．Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another．
A．is B．are C．am D．be
4．Not the teacher，but the students ____ looking forward to seeing the film．
A．is B．are C．am D．be
注意在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语（即临近的一个主语）
保持一致：
a．You or he is to blame．你或他有一人要受责备。
b．Are you or he to blame？受责备的是你还是他？
顺便说一句，在现代英语中用 neither?nor，either?or 等连接主语时也可一律用复数（但考生在应试时应避免）。
答案：1．B 2．C 3．B 4．B
111．这类结构中谓语的数取决于形式还是意义
例 a．More than one boy ____ read the story．
b．More boys than one ____ read the story．
A．have，have B．has，has
C．have，has D．has，have
此题应选D。该题很容易误选A，认为既然more than one 意为“不只一个”（=多个），那么其谓语就应该用复数。其实more than one 用作主语时，谓语通常要用单数（要从形式一致来考虑）。more than one用作主语时，要注意以下两个结构：
a．“more than one + 单数名词”用作主语，其谓语通常用单数（即从形式考虑）
b．“more +复数名词 +than one”用作主语，其谓语通常要用复数也就是说，以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。
不只一个学生受到惩罚。
正：More than one student was punished．
正：More students than one were punished。
类似以上用法的还有：
a．many a +单数名词（意为：许多），用作主语，谓语用单数（即从形式一致考虑）
b．many + 复数名词（意为：许多），用作主语，谓语要用复数也就是说，以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。
很多小孩在那儿玩。
正：Many a child was playing there．
正：Many children were playing there．
112．the number of／a number of 与主谓一致
例 The number of people invited to the party ____ fifty，but
a number of them ____absent for different reasons．
A．were，was B．was，was
C．was，were D．were，were
此题应选C。注意以下两个结构：
1．“the number of +复数名词”，指数量的总和，若用作主语，其谓语用单数：
The number of people present was much greater than we expected．
到场人数大大超出我们的意料。
The number of students is 4000．学生人数为 4000。
2．“a number of +复数名词”，意为“许多”（= a lot of），若用作主语，其谓语用复数：
A number of people were absent from the meeting．许多人开会缺席。
A number of bottles were broken．许多瓶子都被摔破了。
类似的有：
a．the variety of +复数名词→用作主语，谓语用单数
b．a variety of +复数名词→用作主语，谓语用复数
The variety of his books is astonishing．他的藏书的品种多得令人吃惊。
The variety of goods in this shop is rich．这家商店的品种丰富。
A variety of books have been published．已出版了各种各样的书。
113．the rest（of）等作主语，谓语的数取决于什么
例 a．The rest of the boys ____ watching TV．
b．The rest of the money ____ stolen．
A．were，were B．was，were
C．were，was D．was，was
此题应选C。all，most，some，half，percent，the rest 等词语后接介词of 再接名词用作主语时，若该名词为可数名词的复数形式，则其谓语要用复数形式；若该名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，则其谓语要用单数形式：
1．a．Most of the apples are bad．这些苹果当中大部分是坏的。
b．Most of the apple is bad．这个苹果坏了一大部分。
c．Most of the time was spent on it．这上面花了大部分时间。
2．a．Half of the buildings were destroyed in the fire．
有一半的楼房在大火中被毁。
b．Half of the building was destroyed in the fire．
这座大楼在大火中有一半被毁。
c．Half of the money was spent on food．有一半的钱用来买食物。
3．a．30 percent of the workers here are women．
这里的工人有30％是女性。
b．30 percent of the work has been done．有30％的工作已完成。
c．30 percent of the wall has been painted．墙壁有30％已被刷漆。
114．means 何时是单数何时是复数
例 All possible means ____ been tried．
Every possible means ____ been tried．
A．have，have B．has，has
C．have，has D．has，have
此题应选C。名词means（方法）的单复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定：
1．如果means 与all，such，these，those 等词连用，则其含义应该是复数：
Such means sound interesting，but in fach they're impossible．
那样的方法听起来有趣，但实际上是不可能的。
2．如果means 与a，such a，this，that，every 等词连用，则其含义应该是单数：
Such a means is really unpleasant．
这样的方法确实是令人不愉快的。
There is an effective means of doing it．
做此事有一种很有效的方法。
3．有时从句意和上下文无法确定means 到底是单数还是复数，则其谓语用单数或复数均可以：
做这事还有其它的什么办法吗？
正：Are there any other means of doing it？
正：Is there any other means of doing it？
没有好的方法。
正：There is no good means．
正：There are no good means．
115．学习强调句要注意哪些
例 Was it in this palace ____the emperor died？
A．that B．in which C．in where D．which
此题应选A 。这是一个强调句型。强调句的基本结构为：
It is[ was] +被强调部分 +that +其它部分
He bought the book in this shop yesterday．
→It was he that bought the book in this shop yesterday．
（强调主语he）
→It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday．
（强调宾语the book）
→It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday．
（强调地点状语in this shop）
另外注意以下两点：
1．当被强调部分指人时，可以用who 代that；但是当被强调部分指物时通常不宜用which 来代that（尽管有人用which，但很不常见，考试时应避免），另外当被强调部分为时间或地点状语时，一般也不宜用when／where 代that（尤其是当这些状语为介词短语时）。
2．被强调的成分除了是名词、代词、介词短语等之外，也可以是从句（但通常不能是由since，as 引导的原因状语从句或由al-though 引导的让步状语从句）：
It was because he loved my money that he married me．
他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。
116．强调句的特殊疑问形式
例 Who was ____that stole the bike？
A．it B．that C．he D．this
此题应选A 。这是强调句的特殊疑问句形式，做这类题考生最容易出错的在于不能识别这是强调句。 比较：
a．It was Mary that said that．（对Mary 提问）
→ Who was it that said that？
b．It was in 1949 that he joined the Party．（对 in 1949 提问）
→ When was it that he joined the Party？
请做以下各题：
1．Who was it ____put so many large stones on the road？
A．this B．that C．he D．she
2 ．What was It ____he lost on the bus the day before yesterday？
A．this B．that C．what D．when
3．When was ____that the general manager left for Japan？
A．he B．it C．that D．since
4．Why was ____that the old woman was sent to prison？
A．he B．it C．that D．because
5．What a silly mistake it is ____you've made！
A．it B．this C．that D．which
答案：1．B 2．B 3．B 4．B 5．C 例 It might have been John ____bought a new book for Mary yesterday．
A．what B．since C．that D．then
此题应选C 。此题的难点在于考生看不出这是一个强调句型，因为主句的谓语动词be 采用了might have been 这一复杂形式。此句若改为非强调句，则可以是：
John might have bought a new book for Mary yesterday．
约翰昨天可能给玛丽买了一本新书。
将此句改为强调句（强调主语），则可以有两种形式：
a ．It is John that might have bought a new book for Mary yesterday．
b．It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary yesterday．
又如：
It must be a girl that wrote the letter．写这封信的一定是个女孩。
It might be yesterday that he left for Beijing．他可能是昨天去北京的。
Can it be Jim that has stolen the money？偷钱的会是吉姆吗？
It may be next week that he leaves for Paris．他可能是下个星期去巴黎。
It might have been her boyfriend that bought so nice a hand-bag for her．
给她买那样好看一个手提包的可能是她的男朋友。
|
|
|
