十、不定式作定语表主动及被动的区别
不定式是非谓语动词的重要情形之一。由于它具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特征，所以在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、同位语或独立成分。不定式作定语时兼有主动式和被动式两种形式，现归纳如下：
一、不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形
1．不定式所修饰的名词和不定式中的动词所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系（此时，该不定式短语可转化为一个定语从句）。例如：
Li Xuemei was the first athlete to get to the finishing line（＝... athlete who got to the finishing line）．李雪梅是第一个到达终点的选手。
We need someone to help to repair the computer（＝...someone who will help to repair the computer）．我们需要一个能帮助我们修电脑的人。
He is always the first to bear hardships（＝...the first who will bear hardships），the last to enjoy comforts（＝the last who will enjoy comforts）． 他总是一个吃苦在前，享乐在后的人。
2．不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。例如：
He has a lot of work to do today．今天他有大量的活要干。
Do you have anything more to say？你还有什么话要说吗？
Our teacher arranged us six exercises to do at home．老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里做。（us是to do的逻辑主语）
Father always bought his son some toys to play with after his business．父亲每次出差回来都给他的儿子买玩具玩儿。（son是to play with的逻辑主语）
3．有些句子中，尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语，但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“for sb．to do”结构。此时，不定式应该用主动式。例如：
There is nothing（for us） to worry about．没有什么可值得担忧的。
That will be the only thing（for us）to do now．这恐怕是目前（我们）唯一可行的办法。
It is a good opportunity（for us／them）to learn from the farmers．这可是一个向农民学习的大好机会。
4．部分形容词，如eager，anxious，determined，able等，其后常跟不定式，他们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：
（Mr．Smith was eager to get back to teach at the school．）
Mr．Smith's eagerness to get back to teach at the school was quite obvious．史密斯先生急于回校教学这一点是显而易见的。
（He was anxious to know the results of the test．）
We could see his anxiety to know the results of the test．我们看得出他很想知道这次测验的结果。
（They were determined to catch up withus．）
In their speech they expressed their determination to catch up with us．他们在讲话中表达了他们要赶上我们的决心。
5．部分动词，如attempt，promise，plan， intend，refuse等，其后常跟不定式作其宾语，它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：
（They attempted to reach there before five o'clock．）
They failed in their attempt to reach there before five o'clock．他们试图在五点以前赶到那里，但是没有办到。
（You promised to give me a present on my birthday．）
You haven't kept your promise to give me a present on my birthday．你没有遵守在我过生日时给我礼物的诺言。
（They are planning to be in business on National Day．）
I guess they will make some changes in their plan to be in business on National Day．我猜他们在国庆节开始营业的计划得做些变动了。
6．在“with／without ＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语），不定式所表示的动作将要发生，且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时不定式须用主动式。例如：
With a lot of difficult problems ___________ ， the newly-elected president is having a hard time．
A．settled B．settling C．to settle D．being settled
With several meetings to attend，he couldn't go to the Great Wall with us．由于有几次会议要参加，所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。
Without two members to come，we'd better not start the meeting．还有两位成员未到，我们最好先别开始开会。
Without anything to do，he turned off the lights and went to bed．已无事可做，所以他关灯睡觉了。
二、不定式作定语只能用被动式的情形
1．为了表达需要，强调不定式动作的执行者时，须用被动式，常用by结构引导。例如：
2008 Olympic Games is the first great Olympic Games to be held by Chinese．2008年奥运会是中国人首次举办的奥运盛会。
2．不定式所修饰的名词是将要被做的事情时，不定式须用被动式。例如：
The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance．下次会议上将要讨论的这个问题至关重要。
The building to be built next year will be used as the office building．明年要建设的大楼将用作办公楼。
注意：在“There be”结构中，主语被不定式修饰（不定式作定语）时，既可用主动式，也可用被动式，意义上无甚区别。例如：
There was a lot of problems to deal with／to be dealt with．有许多问题需要处理。
十一、例析方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1）as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
十二、名词性从句引导词用法详析
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句都属于名词性从句范畴。引导这些从句的连词大体上相同，但是部分学生对其中某些连词之间的区别还不甚清楚。此外连词之间的差异也一直是各类英语试题的命题热点。本文就这些易错易混的连词谈谈它们的用法区别。
一、that, what和which
1. that引导名词性从句时只起连接从句的作用, 本身没有任何意义, 因此在从句中不充当任何句子成分,它的使用须注意以下几点:
A. 引导宾语从句时,that常可省略,但如果主句后跟有并列宾语从句时,只能省略第一个that;若宾语从句前插有别的从句时,that也不能省略。例如:
He told me (that) he was all right and that he would come to see me when he was free. 他告诉我说他很好,并说在他有空时来看我。
B. that引导主语从句位于句首时不可省略.如果it作形式主语,而that从句置于句末, 这时that可以省略。例如:
That he has lost his work is not true. 他丢了工作不是真的。
=It is not true (that) he has lost his work.
C.当主语为the reason时,注意应用that 引导其表语从句,不能受汉语影响而误用because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他迟到的原因是他没赶上早班车.(此句中的that不可用because代替)
D.引导同位语从句时,切不可错用which。例如:
Word has come that some American guests will come to visit our school next week. 有消息说下周将有一些美国客人来我校参观。
2. what与which引导名词性从句时都在从句中充当句子的某一成份,如主语、表语、宾语或定语,其区别是:what表示泛指的事物,常译为"什么"或"所……的事物", whatever是它的强语势"无论什么";which表示特定事物中的"哪一个(些)",一般情况下在从句中充当定语,后接名词,在一定的语境中,它所修饰的名词可以省略,whichever是它的强语势"无论哪一个(些)"。例如:
I believe what (whatever) he says. 我相信他说的(不管他说什么我都相信)。
I will give her which (whichever) book she likes on the shelf. 这个书架上的(任何一本)书,只要她喜欢,我都会给她。
二、who,whoever,whom和whomever
在引导名词性从句时,在句中作主语时用who,意思是"谁",含有疑问意味,whoever是它的强语势"无论谁",不含有疑问意味。作宾语时用whom, 其相应强语势为whomever。判别时要根据句意以及在句中的语法功能来决定该用哪个引导词。例如:
Who has taken away my bag is unknown.谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用Whoever显然句意不通)
Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight. 无论谁想看这部电影今晚可以和我们一起去.(Whoever wants 相当于Anybody who wants,意为"凡是想……的人"。这里不可换为Who。)
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁作侯选人了?
You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。
