人称代词< xmlnamespace prefix ="o" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
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< xmlnamespace prefix ="v" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /> |
单数 |
复数 |
单数 |
复数 |
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主格 |
宾格 |
主格 |
宾格 |
形容词性物主代词 |
名词性物主代词 |
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第一人称 |
I(我) |
me |
we我们 |
us |
my(我的) |
our(我们的) |
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第二人称 |
you(你) |
you |
you你们 |
you |
your(你的) |
your(你们的) |
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第三人称 |
he(他) |
him |
they他们 |
them |
his(他的) |
their(他们的) |
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第三人称 |
she(她) |
her |
they她们 |
them |
her(她的) |
their(她们的) |
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第三人称 |
it (它) |
it |
they它们 |
them |
its(它的) |
their(它们的) |
1、 人称代词并列用法的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为： 第二人称->第三人称->第一人称 即：youandI;he/she/itandI;you,he/she/itandI
2)复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为： 第一人称->第二人称->第三人称 即：weandyou;youandthey;we，youandthey
2、 人称代词用法： 谓语之前主格填，动/介之后宾格跟，形容词性物主代词后跟名词，名词性物主代词可单独使用。人称代词并列现，注意顺序礼貌见， 二一、三一、二三一，第一人称最谦虚，
3、 be 的用法口诀：我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它； 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。
变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。 变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。
4、第三人称单数用does，其它人称用do。第一人称单数和第三人称单数用 was, 其余人称用 were ；
she ,he ,it "有"用has，其它人称"有"用have；I用shall，其它人称用 will。
名词复数
1、规则变化：
1) 直接加 –s： 清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/
2) 以s, x, ch,sh,结尾加 –es, 读 /iz/
3) 不是以a、e、i、o、u+y结尾的,变y 为i再加es, 读 /z/
4) 以元音字母a、e、i、o、u+y 结尾的,或以y结尾的专有名词，直接加s。
5) 以o结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato—potatoe tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
6） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves：half—halves knife--knives leaf—leaves wolf—wolves
wife—wives life—lives thief--thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
2、不规则变化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，
2） 单复同形：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle.
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6）复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。
变一般疑问句、否定句的方法
变一般疑问句方法：
1、如句子中有am, is, are, was, were、can, would，则提前在句子最前面，注意把am变为are，把was变为were把I变为You；把my变为 your 把our 变为your
2、如没有am, is, are, was, were、can, would，判断①动词是过去式，动词改为原形，句前加Did，其余照抄；
②动词是第三人称单数，动词改为原形句前加Does,其余照抄;
③动词是原形，则句前加Do，其余照抄。
变否定句方法：
1、句中有am, is, are, was, were，can, would，再其后加not，并缩写，其余照抄
2、如没有am, is, are, was, were或can, would，判断①动词是过去式，动词前加didn’t动词改为原形，其余照抄；
②动词是第三人称单数，动词前加doesn’t,动词改为原形，其余照抄；
③动词是原形，动词前加加don’t，其余照抄。
一般疑问句和否定句的变化口诀： 一般问句并不难，谓语调到主语前。大写小写有变化，句末要把问号加。
第一人称常变二。否定句就更简单，中间加上一not，谓语动词提到前。
一、改为一般疑问句：
1、 先找句子中如有am, is, are, was, were、can, would，则提前在句子最前面，注意：（1）把am变为are，把I变为You；（2）如主语是I时，把was变为were提前，把I变为You。
2、 如没有am, is, are, was, were、can, would，则判断是否为过去式，是则动词改为原形，句前加Did，其余照抄；不是则判断是否为第三人称单数，是则动词改为原形，句前加Does,其余照抄;还不是，则句前加Do，其余照抄。
二、改为否定句：
1、先找am, is, are, was, were或can, would，再其后加not，其余照抄
2、如没有am, is, are, was, were或can, would，则判断是否为过去式，是则动词改为原形，主语后加didn’t，其余照抄；不是则判断是否为第三人称单数，是则动词改为原形，主语后加doesn’t,其余照抄；还不是，则主语后加don’t，其余照抄。
何为是第三人称单数
一、人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。
二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语时是第三人称单数。
三、单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时，是第三人称单数。
四、不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时，是第三人称单数。
五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。
六、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。
动词第三人称单数形式（三单式）构成
1、规则变化：
1) 直接加 –s： 清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/
2) 以s, x, ch,sh,结尾加 –es, 读 /iz/
3) 不是以a、e、i、o、u+y结尾的,变y 为i再加es, 读 /z/
4) 以元音字母a、e、i、o、u+y 结尾的直接加s。
2、不规则变化：do-does have-has go-goes
动词的过去式构成
1、规则动词：
1）直接在词尾加-ed。
2）以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。
3）以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写加-ed。
4）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。
5）以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接在词尾加-ed。
2、不规则动词记忆法：
1）以t结尾的词，过去式与原形相同。如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat
2）以d结尾的词，把d变成t。如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent
3）以n结尾的词，在词后加t。如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt
4）以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。如：blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew
5）含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt
6）含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。如：sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
3、规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：
1）在清辅音后读作[t]。如：asked, helped, watched, stopped
2）在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called
3）在t / d后读作[id]。如：wanted, needed
动词的现在分词的构成
1、 直接在动词原形后面加 -ing.
2、以不发音的-e 结尾的动词，去-e ，再加-ing。
3、以重读闭音节结尾末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写加 -ing. （put sit swim run get shop）
八种语法时态
一、一般现在时：
1、概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2、判断依据：（1）be动词是am/is/are；（2）动词是原形；（3）有时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, etc.
3、结构：①主语+be动词（am/is/are）；（am用作I，she ,he ,it用is，其它人称用are）。②主语（非第三人称单数）+动词原形；③主语（第三人称单数）+动词第三人称单数形式.
4、否定形式：①am/is/are+not；②谓语动词若为行为动词，则在主语后加don't；主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时行为动词还原。
5、一般疑问句：①把be（am/is/are）动词放于句首；②主语不是第三人称单数时，句首加Do；如主语为第三人称单数，句首加Does，行为动词还原。
二、一般过去时：
1、概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2、判断依据：（1）be动词是was、were；（2）动词是过去时；（3）有表示过去的时间状语，ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, , one day, long ago, three days ago，two weeks ago，five years ago…once upon a time, etc.
3、结构：①主语+ was/were（第一人称单数和第三人称单数用 was, 其余人称用 were）。②主语+动词的过去式
4、否定形式：①was/were+not（用缩写）；②在行为动词前主语后加didn't，同时动词还原。
5、一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②把助动词Did 放在句首，同时还原行为动词。
三、现在进行时：
1、 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2、判断依据：（1）句中一定得有be动词am/is/are；（2）动词是现在分词；（3）有时间状语look、listen 、now, at this time, these days, etc.
3、结构：主语+am/is/are+动词的ing形式（动词的现在分词）
4、否定形式：am/is/are+not+动词的ing形式
5、一般疑问句：把be动词am/is/are放于句首。
四、一般将来时：
1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2、判断依据：一个句子中既有be动词，又有going、to和动词，且动词用的是原形，有tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3、基本结构：①主语+am/is/are/going to +动词原形；②主语+will/shall +动词原形. （I用shall，其它人称用 will）。
4、否定形式：①am/is/are + not; ②will/shall+ not，同时还原行为动词。
5、一般疑问句：①am/is/are放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
五、现在完成时：
1、概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2、时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3、基本结构：have/has + done （动词的过去分词）。（she ,he ,it "有"用has，其它人称"有"用have）
4、否定形式：have/has + not +done（动词的过去分词）
5、一般疑问句：have或has放于句首。
六、过去完成时：
1、概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2、时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3、基本结构：had + done（动词的过去分词）。（had 没有人称和数的变化）
4、否定形式：had + not + done（动词的过去分词）。
5、一般疑问句：had放于句首。
七、过去进行时：
1、概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2、时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3、基本结构：was/were+doing（动词的现在分词）
4、否定形式：was/were + not + doing（动词的现在分词）
5、一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
八、过去将来时：
1、概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2、时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3、基本结构：①was/were/going to + do（动词动词原形）；②would/should + do（动词动词原形）
4、否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do（动词动词原形）;②would/should + not + do（动词动词原形）.
5、一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should放于句首。
如何做＂对划线部分提问＂
（一）、做题方法
1、找：找出能替换划线部分的特殊疑问词。
2、变：把原句（去掉划线部分之后）变为一般疑问句形式。
3、连接：将特殊疑问词与一般疑问句形式连接起来。
举例：
A. They are at school now.
（1）找：where （2）变：are they now? （3）连接：Where are they now?
B. He will buy a bike tomorrow.
(1) 找：what (2) 变：will he buy tomorrow ? (3) 连接：What will he buy tomorrow ?
C. She likes watching TV in the evening.
(1) 找：when (2) 变：does she like watching TV? (3) 连接：When does she like watching TV?
（二）、基本类型
1、对“物” 提问用What.
如：1）This is an orange →What is this?
2.）We can see a cat under the desk. →What can you see under the desk?
2、对“学校、年级、班、排、组、号”的数词提问用What，这些名词要紧跟What 之后
如1.They are in Class One. →What class are they in?
2.Jim's bus is Number Twenty-nine.→What number is Jim's bus?
3、对“颜色” 提问用What colour，如颜色作定语，What colour后要跟被修饰的名词。
如：1）Her sweater is red. →What colour is her sweater?
2）Her blouse is white. → What colour is her blouse?
4、对“地点”提问用Where。如果“地点”作定语时，用Which后跟被修饰的那个名词。
如：1)They are studying Chinese in China.→ Where are they studying Chinese?
2）The shop near the school sells things like that. →Which shop sells things like that?
5、对“时间”提问用when。
如：1).She came to Japan in 1990.→ When did she come to Japan?
2）Christas is Deceber twenty-fifth. →When is Christas?
6、对“时刻、点钟”提问用what time。
如：1).He often goes to bed at ten.→ What time does he often go to bed?
2)It’s 7 now. → What time is it?
7、对“谁”提问用who。对人，名字提问并不都用Who，如句中含有name这个词时用What。
如：1).The girl is standing at the station.→ Who is standing at the station?
2).They often go home with Tom. → Who do they often go home with?
3)Jim Greem is not here.--Who is not here?
4).The girl's name is Ann.--What's the girl's name?
8、对“谁的”提问用whose。(对名词所有格，名词性物主代词提问用Whose ，如作定语Whose 后要跟被修饰的名词。)
如：1).I will meet my father. → Whose father will you meet?
2). This skirt is Li Li's. →Whose is this skirt?
9、对“年龄”提问用how old。
如：1).The man over there is sixty. → How old is the man over there?
10、对“加、减、乘、除”的得数划线用What.
如：1).Six and four is ten. →What is six and four?
11、对“哪一个”提问用which。
如：1).She likes the new skirt. → Which skirt does she like?
12、对“职业”提问用what。
如：1).His mother is a teacher. → What is his mother?
13、对“次数”提问用how many times。
如：1).He has been to England twice. → How many times has he been to England?
14、对“数量”提问用how many +复数名词 (表示可数) 或how much +名词(表示不可数)。对“重量、价钱” 提问用How much。
如：1)There are fifty students in Class 1.→ How many students are there in Class 1?
2).She spent ten yuan on the book. → How much did she spend on the book?
3）The bag of rice is 90 kilos.--How much is the bag of rice?
15、对“方式、方法”或“感觉如何”提问用how。
如：1).We come to school on foot. → How do you come to school?
2).She is feeling much better now. → How is she feeling now?
3)He did it in that way．→How did he do it？
16、对“原因”提问用why。
如：1).He didnt come here because he was ill yesterday.→ Why didnt he come here?
2)He likes drawing because he thinks it’s fun. → Why does he like drawing?
17、对“做什么”提问用what…do /doing/done。 如：
如：1)The students are reading now.。 → What are the students doing now
2).They are going to visit the factory next week.→ What are they going to do next week?
3).You are looking at the blackboard. → What are you doing?
4).They have seen the film. → What have they done?
18、对“一段时间” “多久”提问用how long或how soon。（how long指动作或状态发生了多久；how soon指动作或状态还有多久将会发生，即“将来的一段时间”）
如：1）He has stayed here for ten days．→How long has he stayed here？
2）He will be back in two hours．→How soon will he be back？
3).We have stayed here for six years. → How long have you stayed here?
4).He has worked in Beijing since 1980. → How long has he worked in Beijing?
19、对“程度”划线用How 。
如：1）Han Meimei likes bananas very much. →How does Han Meimei like bananas?
20、对“频度”提问用how often。
如：2).She is late for school once a week. → How often is she late for school?
3).We sometimes get up at 10:00. → How often do you get up at 10:00?
21、对“高度”提问用how tall(表示人)或how high(表示物)。
如：1).The man is two metres tall. → How tall is the man?
2).The hill is 300 metres high. → How high is the hill?
22、对“长度”、“宽度”提问，用how long, how wide。
如：1).The desk is four metres long. → How long is the desk?
2).The river is one hundred metres wide. → How wide is the river?
23、对“星期几”提问用what day。
如：1).Today is Friday. → What day is today?
24、对“日期”提问用what…the date。
如：1). Yesterday was July 1, 1995. → What was the date yesterday?
25、对“距离”提问用how far。
如：1).Its 300 metres from my home to school.→ How far is it from your home to school?
26、对“号码”提问用what size。
如：1).I want size 42 shoes. → What size shoes do you want?
2).She bought a size 68 blouse last week. → What size blouse did she buy last week?
27、对“天气状况”提问用“What……the weather （like）?”。
如：1).Today is rainy. →What is the weather （like） today?
28、对“身体状况” 提问用How.
如：1).He is fine.→How is he?
29、对“人或物出的毛病” 提问用What 's wrong with…..？
如：1).My bike is broken. →What 's wrong with your bike?
30、对“there are”句型中的主语提问用What's+介词短语。
如：1).There are two books on the desk. →What's on the desk?
2）There is a present on the table. →What's on the table?
（三）、注意事项：
1．划线部分作定语时，应连同后面的名词一起提到句首。如：
(34).That’s our school. → Whose school is that?
(35).She is wearing a white skirt. → What colour skirt is she wearing?
2．划线部分作主语时，应直接使用特殊疑问词替换。如：
(36).Tom often comes to < xmlnamespace prefix ="st1" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />China. → Who often comes to China?
(37).The book is on the shelf. → What is on the shelf?
3．划线部分是谓语动词及宾语时，应使用what…do/doing/done替换划线部分。如：
(38).They often read English in the morning. → What do they often do in the morning?
(39).He is writing a letter now. → What is he doing now?
(40).They have seen the film. → What have they done?
不规则动词巧记法
一、ＡＡＡ型
cost cut let put read
二、ＡＢＢ型
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
dig dug dug
feel felt felt
find found found
get got got
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
※learn learnt learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
say said said
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shine shone shone
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
※smell smelt smelt
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
三、ＡＢＣ型
be动词 am, is----was been
are----were been
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
lie lay lain
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
see saw seen
show showed shown
sing sang sung
speak spoke spoken
swim swam swum
take took taken
throw threw thrown
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
write wrote written
四、ＡＢＡ型
become became become
come came come
五、ＡＡＢ型
beat beat beaten
（注：带※号的词也可视为规则动词。）
