1.不规则复数形式 1)来自古英语的复数形式,如: child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese man---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---lice ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases ellipsis---ellipses axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimuli alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae #当代美国英语中往往把data当做单数用,因此常见到复数形式datas。另外,lens是一个单数可数名词,其复数形式为lenses。 1)词尾读音为[f]并以-f或0-fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况: a)规则形式: belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefs b)不规则形式,即把-f或-fe变成-v,再加-es,读音为[vz]: calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----lives loaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wives wolf---wolves c)既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式: dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves 3)词干以-o结尾的名次有三种情况: a)附属形式为-s:这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos;表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos, studios b)复数形式为-es,如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。 c)复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式,如: cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes 2.单复数同形的名词 1)某些动物名词,如:deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等 2)以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词,如:Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等 3)某些以-s结尾的名词,如:barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等 4)某些表示计量单位的名词,如:horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等 其他一些名词,如:aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等。其中请特别注意-s结尾的单复数同形的名词,它们是考试的重点!! 3.不可数名词 不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词,永远不能加不定冠词! 例如下列用法均属错误: the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment 不可数名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式。 如:Water is important. 但如果不可数名词前面被piece,drop,set等词修饰时,谓语应该与piece,drop,set等的单复数形式保持一致 例如:Few drops of water are needed to save the flower. 下面是典型的不可数名词,是应该熟记的!! air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine, lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt, garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper, glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge, intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent, mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics, genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics, obsterics 请特别注意其中以-s结尾的不可数名词,大家平时应该积累遇到的不可数名词 !!注意下列可数名词!! poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon scene photograph photographer 英语中有许多名词既可作可数,又可作不可数。如:hair作“人或动物的毛”的时候是可数名词,作头发解释时是不可数名词。判断一个词是否可数,除了记忆以外, 主要看题中该名词的修饰词来决定。如:much只能修饰不可数名词 4.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词 英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式,如: air(空气)---air(气派) arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰;废墟) authority(权利)---authorities(当局) cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目录) custom(习惯)---customs(海关;关税) damage(损害)---damages(赔偿金) force(力量)---forces(武装部队) glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜) good(利益)---goods(货物) green(绿色)---greens(青菜) letter(字母)---letters(文学) manner(方式)---manners(举止,仪态) minute(分钟)---minutes(记录) pain(痛苦)---pains(劳苦) papaer(纸)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍) spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼镜) spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) time(时间)---times(时代) water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木头)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工厂) 总结 1.单数名词不能单独存在,一般前面应该有限定词修饰。 2.不定冠词a/an永远只能修饰单数可数名词。 3.every和each永远只能修饰单数可数名词。 但every+数词+复数名词是正确的,如:every ten years 4.序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词。 5.anther永远只修饰单数可数名词 但another+数词/few+复数名词是正确的,如:another eight years;another few books 6.other通常修饰复数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。 但the other+is/was 单数名词或any other+单数名词是正确的,如 We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice. Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class. 7.下列词和短语只能修饰复数名词 these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of 8.大于1的词数只能修饰复数名词 !!牢记的结构:one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词!! 9.只能修饰单数可数名词的词: one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a !!注意!!many student以及many a student 10.只能修饰复数可数名词的词: >1的数字(two,six.....),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number of numbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of 11.只修饰不可数名词的词: much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of 12.既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词: all (of) a lot of some (of) lots of any (of) plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth of (a) part of enough (of) the rest of other one third of such no a variety of |
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来自: MouseHappy > 《英语语法》