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考研英语每日一课(完形填空命题特点)

 wwwijhyt图书馆 2013-05-20

   

完 形 填 空-命 题 特 点

一、在命题体裁上

近10年来的统计结果表明90%的体裁是说明文。

二、在形式上

短文为120~150字左右,一般从第二句开始每隔若干词(4~15不等)就抽掉一个词(或词组或短语),从而形成一个空白处。要求考生根据对应题号的四个选项,补全语言信息。

三、在实质上

完形填空是以阅读为形式,以上下文为基础,以词法和句法为内容测试考生解决连接语言信息中断问题的能力。这里涉及到语篇的衔接和语义的连贯。

语篇的衔接体现在语篇的表层结构,其中语法手段与词汇手段是结构衔接手段的具体体现。

语义的连贯性体现在语篇的深层结构,即逻辑的内在联系。这是比较复杂的,有时语篇的连贯性取决于语篇的前提及作者与读者之间的共有知识(shared knowledge)。

四、 在选项上

往年的试卷统计结果表明:这些被抽掉的词当中有:

1) 考动词的(包括动词原形,ED分词和ING分词), 平均每年有3道题。

2) 考形容词的,平均每年有2.4个。

3) 4个选项是连词的,平均每年有1.6个。

4) 平均每年有1.4个是关于名词的。

5) 关于介词的,平均每年有1.2个。

6) 考代词的,平均每年有1个。

7) 4个选项是副词的,平均每年有0.6个。

8) 平均每年有0.4个是关于动词短语的。

9) 平均每年有0.2个是关于介词短语的。

以上是近10年来的统计结果。这些统计的结果并不重要,重要的是如何进行答题。下面请大家标出每一道题所考的项目:是考词汇、词组、惯用法、语法还是逻辑联系等。

试 题 一

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is (41) the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of (42) breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words (43) a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener. The words used by the speaker may (44) unfavorable reactions in the listener (45) interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmissionreception system breaks down.

(46) , inaccurate or indefinite words may make (47) difficult for the listener to understand the (48) which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be (49) to explain or describe in a (50) that can be understood by his listener. (1994年考题)

41. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on

42. [A] inaccessible[B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid

43. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers

44. [A] pass out [B] take away[C] back up [D] stir up

45. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what

46. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly

47. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this

48. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning

49. [A] obscure [B] difficult[C] impossible [D] unable

50. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way

【提示】

[41:(A) 固定用法]

[42:(C) 语义理解]

[43:(B) 句际关系:转折]

[44:(D) 与上句的关系]

[45:(C) 语法分析]

[46:(A) 语义联系+词汇连接手段]

[47:(B) 固定、惯用法]

[48:(C) 同义词辨析+语法(定语从句与被修饰词的关系,先行词在定语从句中作宾语,动词与宾语的搭配)]

[49:(D) 主谓搭配]

[50:(D) 词义+固定用法+语感]

试 题 二

Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of nonREM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems — the selfprotecting mechanism against diseases — had crashed.(1995年考题)

41. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any

42. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred

43. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful

44. [A] maintained[B] described [C] settled [D] afforded

45. [A] in the light [B] by virture [C] with the exception[D] for the purpose

46. [A] reduction [B] destruction[C] deprivation [D] restriction

47. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with

48. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on

49. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce

50. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only

【提示】

[41:(B) 上文的已知信息+惯用搭配(at all与neither)]

[42:(C) 上文的已知信息(not at all wellunderstood)+连接词but+语义]

[43:(C) 利用并列关系+已知信息→已知信息=neither …at all understood+assumed→mysterious]

[44:(B) 已知信息+并列关系+替代关系+词汇的同现关系(at a recent meeting)]

[45:(D) 已知信息(The purpose of noREM sleep…)→未知信息]

[46:(C) 词义辨析+常识(与作者的知识共享)]

[47:(A) 语义逻辑联系(利用排除法)]

[48:(D) 词义辨析+语境(包括上文与下文)+词义辨析]

[49:(A) 词语复现+替代+词义习惯搭配]

[50:(B) 语境+语义→需要连接词]

试 题 三

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.

They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .

Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.

48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs.(1996年考题)

41.[A] either [B] so [C] nor [D] never

42.[A] shifting [B] transferring[C] altering [D] transforming

43.[A] any [B] some [C] anything [D] something

44.[A] serious [B] apparent [C] severe [D] fatal

45.[A] mostly [B] partially [C] sometimes [D] rarely

46.[A] in that [B] so that [C] such that [D] except that

47.[A] undertakes [B] holds [C] plays [D] performs

48.[A] Supplying [B] Getting [C] Providing [D] Furnishing

49.[A] exceptional [B] exceeding [C] excess [D] external

50.[A] nevertheless[B] therefore [C] moreover [D] meanwhile

【提示】

[41:(C) 替代+语法结构]

[42:(D) 同义词辨析+语用和语义上的意涵(progmatic and semantic implication),foods与energy的逻辑关系决定了要用transform]

[43:(A) 语境中的替代]

[44:(B) 词义辨析+语义理解+语境中去理解(vitamins的作用=transforming foods into evergy)+其他三个词都表示“程度”+作者与读者的shared knowledge。]

[45:(C) 词的排比+连词顺接关系]

[46:(A) 词的同现+因果关系]

[47:(D) 固定搭配]

[48:(B) 逻辑联系语(逻辑主语是the body)]

[49:(C) 词的复现(extra与excess)]

[50:(A) 上文与下文的逻辑关系]

试题四:

Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.(1997年考题)

41. [A]swarm [B]stride [C]separate [D]slip

42. [A]For [B]Because [C]As [D]Since

43. [A]from[B]in [C]on [D]by

44. [A]Even though [B]Now that [C]If only [D]Provided that

45.[A]durable [B]disposable [C]available [D]transferable

46. [A]approach [B]flow [C]fashion [D]trend

47. [A]instantly [B]reversely [C]fundamentally [D]sufficiently

48. [A]but[B]while [C]and [D]whereas

49. [A]imposed [B]restricted [C]illustrated [D]confined

50.[A]excitement [B]conviction [C]enthusiasm [D]importance

答案: ACDAB DCBAD

Until recently most histroians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.(1998年考题)

41.[A]admitted [B]believed [C]claimed [D]predicted

42.[A]plain [B]average [C]mean [D]normal

43.[A]momentary [B]prompt [C]instant [D]immediate

44.[A]bulk [B]host [C]gross [D]magnitude

45.[A]On [B]With [C]For [D]By

46.[A]broadly [B]thoroughly[C]generally [D]completely

47.[A]however [B]meanwhile [C]therefore [D]moreover

48.[A]at [B]in [C]about D)for

49.[A]manifested [B]approved [C]shown [D]speculated

50.[A]noted [B]impressed [C]labeled [D]marked

详解:

41.42.【译文】他们承认从长远观点来看,工业化的确大大地提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。   

41.【答案】A.admitted   

【注释】本题测试语篇中的语义搭配。文章起始句指出,直到最近许多历史学家对工业革命持强烈的批评态度。而文章的第二句与第三句的逻辑关系是:第二句含有让步意义,故应填admitted,意为"(虽然)他们承认……,但是他们却坚持说……"。从文章上下文的逻辑来看,这样也是顺理成章的。claim( =assert;say that sth .is a fact)声称;说某事是事实。而believe(=feel sure of the truth of sth.,that sb.is telling the truth;be of the opinion)相信;认为。predict(=say,tell in advance)预言;预测;预示。上述三个词中,无论填入哪一个都与第三句"但是他们坚持说……"在逻辑意思上相悖,故不应入选。可见,考生在做完形填空试题时,必须把握主题、瞻前顾后,根据文章情节的逻辑发展去选择适当的词语才能避免失误。   

42.【答案】B.average   

【注释】本题测试语义搭配。the averageman是惯用搭配,意为"普通老百姓"。此处的average意为"通常的,普通的,平常的"。43.44.【译文】但是他们坚持说,从1750年到1850年期间,工业化的直接后果是广大英国人民的普遍贫困和苦难。   

43.【答案】D.immediate   

【注释】本题测试语义搭配。immediate( =without anything coming between)意为"(时间方面)直接的",故符合题意。虽然instant(立即的,直接的)也有"直接的"意思,但它用作此意时,是指使用上不必多费时间和精力,如:instantcereal(即溶麦片);instant coffee(即溶咖啡)。而momentary"瞬间的";prompt"敏捷的"却因词义与上下文不符,故不能入选。   

44.【答案】A.bulk   

【注释】本题测试结构搭配。the bulk of(=the greater part or numberof)意为"大半,大部"。例如:He left the bulk of his property to hisbrother.   

45.46.【译文】对比之下,他们认为从1650年到1750年的100年期间,英国还是一个完全的农业国,这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。   

45.【答案】D.By   

【注释】本题测试惯用搭配。by contrast"对比起来,与之相比"。如:By contrast,John is much more hardworking than Bob.(相比之下,约翰要比鲍勃刻苦得多。)此外,in contrast with(to)意为"和……形成对比(相反),比较起来",如:His white hair was in sharp contrast to(with) hisdark skin.(他的白头发和他的黑皮肤形成了鲜明的对照。)又如:In contrastto his brother,he wasalways considerate in his treatment ofothers.(与他的兄弟不同,他在处理和别人的关系时总是很周到。)   

46.【答案】D.completely   

【注释】本题测试语篇意义上的词义搭配。第三句讲到工业化的直接后果,而第四句则指出,这些历史学家认为(Saw),对比之下,从1650年到1750年的100年期间,英国还是一个完完全全的农业国,这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。可见,这两句是对比工业化前后英国的状况。既然是工业化前,英国当然还是一个完全的农业国,所以D.completely入选。   

47.【译文】然而,人们普遍认为这种观点是错误的。   

【答案】A.however   

【注释】本题测试逻辑搭配。本文第二段的语气显然并不顺应第一段,因此,第二段的段首句理应表示语气的转折(change in thought),这样A.however便最切题意。   

48.49.50 【译文】历史学和经济学方面的专家已证明了两件事:从1650年到1750年期间是以极度贫困为特征,而工业化当然没有使此种状况恶化,事实上却可能改善了大多数平民的生活条件。   

48.【答案】B.in   

【注释】本题测试语义搭配。前面有Specialists,后面是history and economics,显然是说"某方面的专家",而介词in正有"在……方面"的意思。例如:Heis a Doctor of philosophy in economics.(他是一位经济学博士。)所以答案选B.in。   

49.【答案】C.shown   

【注释】本题测试语义搭配。manifest与show是近义词。manifest( =show clearly,show plainly)"明白显示,清楚表示",如:He doesn't manifest much interest in his studies. (他对他的学习没有表现多大的兴趣。)又如:The speech manifested the truth of the story.(他的讲话清楚表明了事情的真相。)manifest是正式用语。show( allow or cause to be seen,prove)"出示,证明",例如:1)He showed me his picture.(他给我看他的照片。)2)The evidence shows that he was guilty.(这一证据表明他有罪。)从本题的上下文来看,历史学和经济学的专家必须用事实来证明过去多数历史学家见解的虚妄,而他们已经做到了这一点,因此show在此是证明"的意思,为正确选择。

50.【答案】D.marked   

【注释】本题测试语义搭配。mark(=be a distinguishing feature of)"为……的特征",故选D.marked符合题意。label vt.贴标签;impress给……留下印象;note注意,留心;记下,记录。这三个词均与上下文内容相悖,故不能入选。   纵观今年的试题,一个显著的变化就是语义搭配独占鳌头,除了42题、45题的惯用搭配,44题的结构搭配,47题的逻辑搭配之外,其余都是语义搭配,而且一半是辨别动词(见41题、49题、50题),英语实义词的辨别占据了主流(10道题中有6道是辨别实义词v.adj.和adv.);另一个显著的特点就是若不联系全文,很多题是无法进行选择的,如:41题、43题、46题、47题、49题、50题等,英语教学要向素质教学转变,由此可见一斑。

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