一:前言 继UHCI的驱动之后,我们对USB Control的运作有了一定的了解。在接下来的分析中,我们对USB设备的驱动做一个全面的分析,我们先从HUB的驱动说起。关于HUB,usb2.0 spec上有详细的定义,基于这部份的代码位于linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core下,也就是说,这部份代码是位于core下,和具体设备是无关的,因为各厂商的hub都是按照spec的要求来设计的。 二:UHCI驱动中的root hub 记得在分析UHCI驱动的时候,曾详细分析过root hub的初始化操作。为了分析方便,将代码片段列出如下: usb_add_hcd() à usb_alloc_dev(): struct usb_device *usb_alloc_dev(struct usb_device *parent, struct usb_bus *bus, unsigned port1) { …… …… //usb_device,内嵌有struct device结构,对这个结构进行初始化 device_initialize(&dev->dev); dev->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type; dev->dev.type = &usb_device_type; …… …… } 一看到前面对dev的赋值,根据我们对设备模型的理解,一旦这个device进行注册,就会发生driver和device的匹配过程了。 不过,现在还不是分析这个过程的时候,我们先来看一下,USB子系统中的两种驱动。 三:USB子系统中的两种驱动 linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core/driver.c中,我们可以找到两种register driver的方式,分别为usb_register_driver()和usb_register_device_driver()。分别来分析一下这两个接口。 usb_register_device_driver()接口的代码如下: int usb_register_device_driver(struct usb_device_driver *new_udriver, struct module *owner) { int retval = 0; if (usb_disabled()) return -ENODEV; new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices = 1; new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_udriver->name; new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type; new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_device; new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_device; new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner; retval = driver_register(&new_udriver->drvwrap.driver); if (!retval) { pr_info("%s: registered new device driver %s\n", usbcore_name, new_udriver->name); usbfs_update_special(); } else { printk(KERN_ERR "%s: error %d registering device " " driver %s\n", usbcore_name, retval, new_udriver->name); } return retval; } 首先,通过usb_disabled()来判断一下usb是否被禁用,如果被禁用,当然就不必执行下面的流程了,直接退出即可。 从上面的代码,很明显可以看到, struct usb_device_driver 对struct device_driver进行了一次封装,我们注意一下这里的赋值操作:new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices = 1.等等。这些在后面都是用派上用场的。 usb_register_driver()的代码如下: int usb_register_driver(struct usb_driver *new_driver, struct module *owner, const char *mod_name) { int retval = 0; if (usb_disabled()) return -ENODEV; new_driver->drvwrap.for_devices = 0; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_driver->name; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_interface; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_interface; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner; new_driver->drvwrap.driver.mod_name = mod_name; spin_lock_init(&new_driver->dynids.lock); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&new_driver->dynids.list); retval = driver_register(&new_driver->drvwrap.driver); if (!retval) { pr_info("%s: registered new interface driver %s\n", usbcore_name, new_driver->name); usbfs_update_special(); usb_create_newid_file(new_driver); } else { printk(KERN_ERR "%s: error %d registering interface " " driver %s\n", usbcore_name, retval, new_driver->name); } return retval; } 很明显,在这里接口里,将new_driver->drvwrap.for_devices设为了0.而且两个接口的porbe()函数也不一样。 其实,对于usb_register_driver()可以看作是usb设备中的接口驱动,而usb_register_device_driver()是一个单纯的USB设备驱动。 四: hub的驱动分析 4.1: usb_bus_type->match()的匹配过程 usb_bus_type->match()用来判断驱动和设备是否匹配,它的代码如下: static int usb_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv) { /* devices and interfaces are handled separately */ //usb device的情况 if (is_usb_device(dev)) { /* interface drivers never match devices */ if (!is_usb_device_driver(drv)) return 0; /* TODO: Add real matching code */ return 1; } //interface的情况 else { struct usb_interface *intf; struct usb_driver *usb_drv; const struct usb_device_id *id; /* device drivers never match interfaces */ if (is_usb_device_driver(drv)) return 0; intf = to_usb_interface(dev); usb_drv = to_usb_driver(drv); id = usb_match_id(intf, usb_drv->id_table); if (id) return 1; id = usb_match_dynamic_id(intf, usb_drv); if (id) return 1; } return 0; } 这里的match会区分上面所说的两种驱动,即设备的驱动和接口的驱动。 is_usb_device()的代码如下: static inline int is_usb_device(const struct device *dev) { return dev->type == &usb_device_type; } 很明显,对于root hub来说,这个判断是肯定会满足的。 static inline int is_usb_device_driver(struct device_driver *drv) { return container_of(drv, struct usbdrv_wrap, driver)-> for_devices; } 回忆一下,我们在分析usb_register_device_driver()的时候,不是将new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices置为了1么?所以对于usb_register_device_driver()注册的驱动来说,这里也是会满足的。 因此,对应root hub的情况,从第一个if就会匹配到usb_register_device_driver()注册的驱动。 对于接口的驱动,我们等遇到的时候再来进行分析。 4.2:root hub的驱动入口 既然我们知道,root hub会匹配到usb_bus_type->match()的驱动,那这个驱动到底是什么呢?我们从usb子系统的初始化开始说起。 在linux-2.6.25/drivers/usb/core/usb.c中。有这样的一段代码: subsys_initcall(usb_init); 对于subsys_initcall()我们已经不陌生了,在很多地方都会遇到它。在系统初始化的时候,会调用到它对应的函数。在这里,即为usb_init()。 在usb_init()中,有这样的代码片段: static int __init usb_init(void) { …… …… 1 if (!retval) goto out; …… } 在这里终于看到usb_register_device_driver()了。 usb_generic_driver会匹配到所有usb 设备。定义如下: struct usb_device_driver usb_generic_driver = { .name = "usb", .probe = generic_probe, .disconnect = generic_disconnect, #ifdef CONFIG_PM .suspend = generic_suspend, .resume = generic_resume, #endif .supports_autosuspend = 1, }; 现在是到分析probe()的时候了。我们这里说的并不是usb_generic_driver中的probe,而是封装在struct usb_device_driver中的driver对应的probe函数。 在上面的分析, usb_register_device_driver()将封装的driver的probe()函数设置为了usb_probe_device()。代码如下: static int usb_probe_device(struct device *dev) { struct usb_device_driver *udriver = to_usb_device_driver(dev->driver); struct usb_device *udev; int error = -ENODEV; dev_dbg(dev, "%s\n", __FUNCTION__); //再次判断dev是否是usb device if (!is_usb_device(dev)) /* Sanity check */ return error; udev = to_usb_device(dev); /* TODO: Add real matching code */ /* The device should always appear to be in use * unless the driver suports autosuspend. */ //pm_usage_cnt: autosuspend计数。如果此计数为1,则不允许autosuspend udev->pm_usage_cnt = !(udriver->supports_autosuspend); error = udriver->probe(udev); return error; } 首先,可以通过container_of()将封装的struct device, struct device_driver转换为struct usb_device和struct usb_device_driver. 然后,再执行一次安全检查,判断dev是否是属于一个usb device. 在这里,我们首次接触到了hub suspend.如果不支持suspend(udriver->supports_autosuspend为0),则udev->pm_usage_cnt被设为1,也就是说,它不允许设备suspend.否则,将其初始化为0. 最后,正如你所看到的,流程转入到了usb_device_driver->probe()。 对应到root hub,流程会转入到generic_probe()。代码如下: static int generic_probe(struct usb_device *udev) { int err, c; /* put device-specific files into sysfs */ usb_create_sysfs_dev_files(udev); /* Choose and set the configuration. This registers the interfaces * with the driver core and lets interface drivers bind to them. */ if (udev->authorized == 0) dev_err(&udev->dev, "Device is not authorized for usage\n"); else { //选择和设定一个配置 c = usb_choose_configuration(udev); if (c >= 0) { err = usb_set_configuration(udev, c); if (err) { dev_err(&udev->dev, "can't set config #%d, error %d\n", c, err); /* This need not be fatal. The user can try to * set other configurations. */ } } } /* USB device state == configured … usable */ usb_notify_add_device(udev); return 0; } usb_create_sysfs_dev_files()是在sysfs中显示几个属性文件,不进行详细分析,有兴趣的可以结合之前分析的《linux设备模型详解》来看下代码。 usb_notify_add_device()是有关notify链表的操作,这里也不做详细分析。 至于udev->authorized,在root hub的初始化中,是会将其初始化为1的。后面的逻辑就更简单了。为root hub 选择一个配置然后再设定这个配置。 还记得我们在分析root hub的时候,在usb_new_device()中,会将设备的所有配置都取出来,然后将它们放到了usb_device-> config.现在这些信息终于会派上用场了。不太熟悉的,可以看下本站之前有关usb控制器驱动的文档。 Usb2.0 spec上规定,对于hub设备,只能有一个config,一个interface,一个endpoint.实际上,在这里,对hub的选择约束不大,反正就一个配置,不管怎么样,选择和设定都是这个配置。 不过,为了方便以后的分析,我们还是跟进去看下usb_choose_configuration()和usb_set_configuration()的实现。 实际上,经过这两个函数之后,设备的probe()过程也就会结束了。 4.2.1:usb_choose_configuration()函数分析 usb_choose_configuration()的代码如下: //为usb device选择一个合适的配置 int usb_choose_configuration(struct usb_device *udev) { int i; int num_configs; int insufficient_power = 0; struct usb_host_config *c, *best; best = NULL; //config数组 c = udev->config; //config项数 num_configs = udev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations; //遍历所有配置项 for (i = 0; i < num_configs; (i++, c++)) { struct usb_interface_descriptor *desc = NULL; /* It's possible that a config has no interfaces! */ //配置项的接口数目 //取配置项的第一个接口 if (c->desc.bNumInterfaces > 0) desc = &c->intf_cache[0]->altsetting->desc; /* * HP's USB bus-powered keyboard has only one configuration * and it claims to be self-powered; other devices may have * similar errors in their descriptors. If the next test * were allowed to execute, such configurations would always * be rejected and the devices would not work as expected. * In the meantime, we run the risk of selecting a config * that requires external power at a time when that power * isn't available. It seems to be the lesser of two evils. * * Bugzilla #6448 reports a device that appears to crash * when it receives a GET_DEVICE_STATUS request! We don't * have any other way to tell whether a device is self-powered, * but since we don't use that information anywhere but here, * the call has been removed. * * Maybe the GET_DEVICE_STATUS call and the test below can * be reinstated when device firmwares become more reliable. * Don't hold your breath. */ #if 0 /* Rule out self-powered configs for a bus-powered device */ if (bus_powered && (c->desc.bmAttributes & USB_CONFIG_ATT_SELFPOWER)) continue; #endif /* * The next test may not be as effective as it should be. * Some hubs have errors in their descriptor, claiming * to be self-powered when they are really bus-powered. * We will overestimate the amount of current such hubs * make available for each port. * * This is a fairly benign sort of failure. It won't * cause us to reject configurations that we should have * accepted. */ /* Rule out configs that draw too much bus current */ //电源不足。配置描述符中的电力是所需电力的1/2 if (c->desc.bMaxPower * 2 > udev->bus_mA) { insufficient_power++; continue; } /* When the first config's first interface is one of Microsoft's * pet nonstandard Ethernet-over-USB protocols, ignore it unless * this kernel has enabled the necessary host side driver. */ if (i == 0 && desc && (is_rndis(desc) || is_activesync(desc))) { #if !defined(CONFIG_USB_NET_RNDIS_HOST) && !defined(CONFIG_USB_NET_RNDIS_HOST_MODULE) continue; #else best = c; #endif } /* From the remaining configs, choose the first one whose * first interface is for a non-vendor-specific class. * Reason: Linux is more likely to have a class driver * than a vendor-specific driver. */ //选择一个不是USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC的配置 else if (udev->descriptor.bDeviceClass != USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC && (!desc || desc->bInterfaceClass != USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC)) { best = c; break; } /* If all the remaining configs are vendor-specific, * choose the first one. */ else if (!best) best = c; } if (insufficient_power > 0) dev_info(&udev->dev, "rejected %d configuration%s " "due to insufficient available bus power\n", insufficient_power, plural(insufficient_power)); //如果选择好了配置,返回配置的序号,否则,返回-1 if (best) { i = best->desc.bConfigurationValue; dev_info(&udev->dev, "configuration #%d chosen from %d choice%s\n", i, num_configs, plural(num_configs)); } else { i = -1; dev_warn(&udev->dev, "no configuration chosen from %d choice%s\n", num_configs, plural(num_configs)); } return i; } Linux按照自己的喜好选择好了配置之后,返回配置的序号。不过对于HUB来说,它有且仅有一个配置。 4.2.2:usb_set_configuration()函数分析 既然已经选好配置了,那就告诉设备选好的配置,这个过程是在usb_set_configuration()中完成的。它的代码如下: int usb_set_configuration(struct usb_device *dev, int configuration) { int i, ret; struct usb_host_config *cp = NULL; struct usb_interface **new_interfaces = NULL; int n, nintf; if (dev->authorized == 0 || configuration == -1) configuration = 0; else { for (i = 0; i < dev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations; i++) { if (dev->config[i].desc.bConfigurationValue == configuration) { cp = &dev->config[i]; break; } } } if ((!cp && configuration != 0)) return -EINVAL; /* The USB spec says configuration 0 means unconfigured. * But if a device includes a configuration numbered 0, * we will accept it as a correctly configured state. * Use -1 if you really want to unconfigure the device. */ if (cp && configuration == 0) dev_warn(&dev->dev, "config 0 descriptor??\n"); 首先,根据选择好的配置号找到相应的配置,在这里要注意了, dev->config[]数组中的配置并不是按照配置的序号来存放的,而是按照遍历到顺序来排序的。因为有些设备在发送配置描述符的时候,并不是按照配置序号来发送的,例如,配置2可能在第一次GET_CONFIGURATION就被发送了,而配置1可能是在第二次GET_CONFIGURATION才能发送。 取得配置描述信息之后,要对它进行有效性判断,注意一下本段代码的最后几行代码:usb2.0 spec上规定,0号配置是无效配置,但是可能有些厂商的设备并末按照这一约定,所以在linux中,遇到这种情况只是打印出警告信息,然后尝试使用这一配置。 /* Allocate memory for new interfaces before doing anything else, * so that if we run out then nothing will have changed. */ n = nintf = 0; if (cp) { //接口总数 nintf = cp->desc.bNumInterfaces; //interface指针数组, new_interfaces = kmalloc(nintf * sizeof(*new_interfaces), GFP_KERNEL); if (!new_interfaces) { dev_err(&dev->dev, "Out of memory\n"); return -ENOMEM; } for (; n < nintf; ++n) { new_interfaces[n] = kzalloc( sizeof(struct usb_interface), GFP_KERNEL); if (!new_interfaces[n]) { dev_err(&dev->dev, "Out of memory\n"); ret = -ENOMEM; free_interfaces: while (--n >= 0) kfree(new_interfaces[n]); kfree(new_interfaces); return ret; } } //如果总电源小于所需电流,打印警告信息 i = dev->bus_mA - cp->desc.bMaxPower * 2; if (i < 0) dev_warn(&dev->dev, "new config #%d exceeds power " "limit by %dmA\n", configuration, -i); } 在这里,注要是为new_interfaces分配空间,要这意的是, new_interfaces是一个二级指针,它的最终指向是struct usb_interface结构。特别的,如果总电流数要小于配置所需电流,则打印出警告消息。实际上,这种情况在usb_choose_configuration()中已经进行了过滤。 /* Wake up the device so we can send it the Set-Config request */ //要对设备进行配置了,先唤醒它 ret = usb_autoresume_device(dev); if (ret) goto free_interfaces; /* if it's already configured, clear out old state first. * getting rid of old interfaces means unbinding their drivers. */ //不是处于ADDRESS状态,先清除设备的状态 if (dev->state != USB_STATE_ADDRESS) usb_disable_device(dev, 1); /* Skip ep0 */ //发送控制消息,选取配置 ret = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0), USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION, 0, configuration, 0, NULL, 0, USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT); if (ret < 0) { /* All the old state is gone, so what else can we do? * The device is probably useless now anyway. */ cp = NULL; } //dev->actconfig存放的是当前设备选取的配置 dev->actconfig = cp; if (!cp) { usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_ADDRESS); usb_autosuspend_device(dev); goto free_interfaces; } //将状态设为CONFIGURED usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_CONFIGURED); 接下来,就要对设备进行配置了,首先,将设备唤醒。回忆一下我们在分析UHCI驱动时,列出来的设备状态图。只有在ADDRESS状态才能转入到CONFIG状态。(SUSPEND状态除外)。 所以,如果设备当前不是处于ADDRESS状态,就需要将设备的状态初始化。usb_disable_device()函数是个比较重要的操作,在接下来再对它进行详细分析。 接着,发送SET_CONFIGURATION的Control消息给设备,用来选择配置 最后,将dev->actconfig指向选定的配置,将设备状态设为CONFIG /* Initialize the new interface structures and the * hc/hcd/usbcore interface/endpoint state. */ //遍历所有的接口 for (i = 0; i < nintf; ++i) { struct usb_interface_cache *intfc; struct usb_interface *intf; struct usb_host_interface *alt; cp->interface[i] = intf = new_interfaces[i]; intfc = cp->intf_cache[i]; intf->altsetting = intfc->altsetting; intf->num_altsetting = intfc->num_altsetting; //是否关联的接口描述符,定义在minor usb 2.0 spec中 intf->intf_assoc = find_iad(dev, cp, i); kref_get(&intfc->ref); //选择0号设置 alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(intf, 0); /* No altsetting 0? We'll assume the first altsetting. * We could use a GetInterface call, but if a device is * so non-compliant that it doesn't have altsetting 0 * then I wouldn't trust its reply anyway. */ //如果0号设置不存在,选排在第一个设置 if (!alt) alt = &intf->altsetting[0]; //当前的配置 intf->cur_altsetting = alt; usb_enable_interface(dev, intf); intf->dev.parent = &dev->dev; intf->dev.driver = NULL; intf->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type; intf->dev.type = &usb_if_device_type; intf->dev.dma_mask = dev->dev.dma_mask; device_initialize(&intf->dev); mark_quiesced(intf); sprintf(&intf->dev.bus_id[0], "%d-%s:%d.%d", dev->bus->busnum, dev->devpath, configuration, alt->desc.bInterfaceNumber); } kfree(new_interfaces); if (cp->string == NULL) cp->string = usb_cache_string(dev, cp->desc.iConfiguration); 之前初始化的new_interfaces在这里终于要派上用场了。初始化各接口,从上面的初始化过程中,我们可以看出: Intf->altsetting,表示接口的各种设置 Intf->num_altsetting:表示接口的设置数目 Intf->intf_assoc:接口的关联接口(定义于minor usb 2.0 spec) Intf->cur_altsetting:接口的当前设置。 结合之前在UHCI中的分析,我们总结一下: Usb_dev->config,其实是一个数组,存放设备的配置。usb_dev->config[m]-> interface[n]表示第m个配置的第n个接口的intercace结构。(m,n不是配置序号和接口序号 *^_^*)。 注意这个地方对intf内嵌的struct devcie结构赋值,它的type被赋值为了usb_if_device_type.bus还是usb_bus_type.可能你已经反应过来了,要和这个device匹配的设备是interface的驱动。 特别的,这里的device的命名: sprintf(&intf->dev.bus_id[0], "%d-%s:%d.%d", dev->bus->busnum, dev->devpath, configuration, alt->desc.bInterfaceNumber); dev指的是这个接口所属的usb_dev,结合我们之前在UHCI中关于usb设备命名方式的描述。可得出它的命令方式如下: USB总线号-设备路径:配置号。接口号。 例如,在我的虚拟机上: [root@localhost devices]# pwd /sys/bus/usb/devices [root@localhost devices]# ls 1-0:1.0 usb1 [root@localhost devices]# 可以得知,系统只有一个usb control. 1-0:1.0:表示,第一个usb control下的root hub的1号配置的0号接口。
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