第一部分 冠 词 冠词分为定冠词the,不定冠词a/an和零冠词(不用冠词),作为高考必考核心知识点,对于冠词考生应掌握以下易出错的几点。 一、不定冠词 1.放在专有名词前面,表具有后者特征的普通名词。 例:A Mr. Smith is waiting for you. 有一位史密斯先生在等着你呢! What an America it was then! 那时候是一个怎样的美国哟! 2.放在形容词最高级前修饰名词表示很、相当。 例:Qing Dao is a most beautiful city! 青岛太美了! 3.放在序数词前面表“再一次”。例: As an English major,I must learn a second language.作为英语系学生,我必须再学一门外语。 4.放在一些抽象名词前表示具体化。例:English is a must for international business. 在国际商务中英语是(一门)必须(的工具)。It is a pleasure for me to work here. 对我而言,在这工作是(一件)乐趣(的事)。 5.a与an的选择取决于其后面单词读音为元音与否。而非元音字母。例:a university,an hour,a one-way street,a useful book,a usual method,an8ˉyearˉold boy. 二、定冠词 1.the+adj 表类别。例: The doctors are caring for the blind.医生正在照顾盲人。 These persons don t show mercy to the poor.这些人对穷人毫不同情。 2.和表示具体数量的名词连用。表“以……为单位”。 例如:The workers are paid by the day.工人们以天为单位得到抱酬。 三、零冠词 1.表示泛指或一般概念Water is liquid.水是液体。The water there is smelly.那的水有点臭。 2.在某些独立结构中 He came into the room,book in hand.他走进屋里,手里拿着书。 Child as he is,he knows a lot about the history of China.他虽然是个孩子,可他对中国历史很有了解。 3.用于介词后表示抽象概念,注意与有冠词时的区别 He works in a hospital.他在一家医院工作。 He is in hospital.他在住院。 4.在某些习惯用语中 go to school/class/bed/hospital 去上学/去上课/去睡觉/去看病by air/plane/bus 乘飞机/乘飞机/坐汽车at night/sunset 在晚上/在日落时 在近几年高考中,在冠词方面多考查冠词的基本用法,考查定冠词、不定冠词以及零冠词的对比使用,以及在固定结构中的使用情况,以及抽象名词具体化后与冠词的搭配情况。例如: When you come here for your holiday next time,don’t go to ____ hotel; I can find you _____ bed in my flat.(04年全国高考题) A. the; a B. the,\ C. a; the D. a;\ 答案为A. the hotel为考查定冠词最基本用法,表特指;后边选项中a bed表示类别。 第二部分 代 词 代词是每年高考都涉及到的热点核心内容,在对其基本知识掌握的前提下,应注意以下容易出错的几点: 1.人称代词宾格代替主格:当人称代词独立使用或不直接加谓语动词时,宾格可做主语。例: ①—Who will go there with Tom?—Me(=I will) ②—I like music very much.—Me too(=I like it too) ③He is taller than I(am).(正式)He is taller than me.(非正式) 2.a\an+名词+of+名词性物主代词,这一特殊句型中名词性物主代词不可换为普通宾格形式。 例:He is a friend of mine. 不可以说成He is a friend of me. 3.反身代词不能做定语。受汉语影响,此类错误经常出现。 例如:This is a book of himself.或This is himself ‘s book. 正确表达法应为:This is his own book. 4.反身代词一些固定搭配应区分。例:I went to the cinema myself.我亲自去邮局。 I went to the cinema by myself.我独自一人去邮局。 In itself,your idea is good.就其本身而言,你的主意不错。 The door closed of itself.这门自己就关上了。 I m not quite myself today.今天我不太舒服。 5.指示代词this、that作状语,表示“这么、那么”。 例:I can t ran that fast!我跑不了那么快。 I think your book is this heavy.我觉得你的书会这么重! 6.含有一些不定代词的短语 nothing but仅仅 anything but根本不 none other than 就是 other than除了 every few metres 每隔几米(此处few不表否定含义) 7.some与any的问题 ①some主要用于肯定句,当用于疑问句时表示特殊含义预期对方做出肯定回答。例:Can I have some tea? 表示邀请或请求。例:May I invite you to have some tea? ②some与单数可数名词连用表示“某一”,相当于a certain any与单数可数名词连用表示“任何”,相当于every.例: He works in some restaurant in BeiJing.他在北京某一饭店工作。 You can see this kind of books in any library.在任何一家图书馆你都会见到这种书。 8.each与every用法问题 each用来指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的一个,侧重个体。它在句中可做主语、同位语、定语和宾语。every用来指三个或三个以上的人或事物,侧重整体,表示“每一个”。它在句中一般做定语。但由它构成的合成词却只能做主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。例:They each get a new pen. Every student should finish their homework. 9.it的特殊用法 ①作形式主语替代不定式短语,that从句及动名词。例:It is late to go home. It替代to go home It is no good arguing with her.It替代arguing with her It is said that it is going to rain. It替代that从句 ②it做平衡句式结构词。例: I hate it when people are talking with their mouths full.此句中it无实际意义,指代后边一种情况。 I like _______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004年全国高考题) A. this B. that C. it D. one此题选项为C,为结构助词。 ③it在强调句中应注意的核心知识点 当被强调的主语是复数,谓语动词也要用单数。例:It is they who always work hard. 在解决代词类试题的问题时,需要考生有多角度的综合能力。考生应分析透代词的含义,数量关系,作定语名词数,作主语动词数及语境逻辑,从而找到突破口。 形容词和副词 形容词和副词因不同的修饰作用而区别很大,但由于汉语翻译在发音方面完全相同,因此,对于这一核心知识点来讲,考生应格外注意以下几点: 1.ˉly是副词的后缀,但以ly结尾的形容词必须与副词区分清楚 friendly友好的 sisterly姐妹般的 lovely可爱的 womanly好气的 sillly傻的 ugly丑陋的 elderly较老的 oily多油的 lonely孤独的He treats me sisterly.为错误句子,正确形式应为:He treats me in a sisterly way. 2.形容词与副词同形的情况 fast enough far daily long early等 .有些形容词与副词同形,但同时还有以ˉly结尾的副词 late(adj/adv)晚、迟的 lately(adv)最近 hard(adj/adv)硬的、难的 hardly(adv)几乎不 near(adj/adv)近的 nearly(adv)差不多 wide(adj/adv)宽的 widely(adv)广泛地 high(adj/adv)高的 highly(adv)高度地 例:①Open your mouth wide and say“Ah”! 张大嘴巴说“啊!”(此处wide为副词表“大”)Computers are widely used. 电脑被广泛地应用。(此处widely为副词表“广泛的”)②I ll go direct to Beijing.我将要直接去北京。 I ll go to Beijing directly.我要立刻去北京。 3.特殊句型与普通意义比较级用法辩析 在more+adj/adv+than+adj/adv这一句型中,前后不构成比较含义,而表示“与其……不如……”。例:He is more diligent than clever.与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋。 4.more than与no more than的区别 受汉语影响,大多数考生把more than译为“仅仅”,no more than译为“不仅仅”,实则不然,no more than=only、more than=not only.例如:He is more than a teacher.他不仅仅是一位老师。 He is no more than a citizen. 他只不过是一个小市民罢了。 5.比较级的几个特殊结构 1.from bad to worse=worse and worse每况愈下 例:The poor s living conditions are getting from bad to worse.穷人们的生活条件每况愈下。 2.the+比较级,the+比较级。表示“越…越…” 例:The more you practise,the better you can understand.你练习的越多你理解的就越透。 3.to make things worse=what s worse=worse still 例:I lost my way,what t worse,I didn t take my cell phone.我迷路了,更糟糕的是,我也没带手机。 4.表示倍数关系的几个特殊句式 ①倍数+as+adj/adv+as.例: My room is five times as big as yours. ②倍数+比较级+than+n.例: My room is4times bigger than yours. ③倍数+the+表示规模大小长短等的名词。例:My room is5times the size of yours. 高考英语中单项填空、完形填空、短文改错、书面表达,任何一项题目中都有可能涉及到形容词、副词的用法、等级、辨析和在句中的位置在今后高考中,其核心重点主要会集中于: ①在具体的语境中考查不同形容词或副词意义的区别。 ②考查形容词和副词做状语的不同。 ③考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较。 ④考查一些习语搭配。 ⑤考查不同种类的副词在句中的作用及其之间的区别。 介词和连词 介词和连词是高中英语学习的难点和重点,由于这类词往往具有一词多义性,及一义多词性,因而极易出错。由于汉语中对于连词的要求与英语中表达习惯不同,因此,在这方面考生容易忽略或掌握不透某些知识点,这些应引起考生高度注意。 一、表示原因的一些介词 1.at表原因。例:He cried at the news. =On hearing the news,he cried.和形容词构成的固定搭配有: be shocked at,be quick at,be angry at,be good at.2.due to由于。例如: His good resuct is due to his working hard.3.Owing to因为、由于。例: Owing to the bad weather.I can t go there with you. 二、表示时间的介词 1.in,after与later在表示“……时间之后”的区别。“in+一段时间”,表示将来动作的发生。例:He will go home in3days.三天后他要回家。 “after+一具体时间点”,表示在某个时刻之后,可与一般过去,一般将来时连用,例: He will go home after3o clock.他三点钟后将要回家。 “一段时间+later”指以过去某时间为起点的一段时间之后,常用于一般过去式。例: Two days later,he died.两天之后,他死了。 2.during和in “in”往往与具体时间或具体活动的动名词形式连用,当强调某一整体或与表示活动的抽象名词连用时,多用during.例:The flowers will die away in October. He visited a lot of countries during his visit to Asia. 三、表示“除了……”的介词 besides意思是除了……外还有,表增加。 except表示除了……之外都,表删掉,不包括其宾语。 except for表示对于主语细节上的修正,其宾语与主句主语往往并非同类。例:I like English besides Chinese.除了英语,我还喜欢语文。 I like all the subjects except English.除了英语外,其他学科我都喜欢。This composition is good except for some spelling errors.这篇作文很好,除了几处书写错误。 四、表达方式的介词by和with,in. by表示“以……方式、方法、手段”等,也泛指某种交通工具。with表示“以……工具”,一般按具体的物体。in表示以“以……方式或语言”等。例:I always go to school by bus. He is writing a composition with a pen.You must write the letter in ink. 五、一些介词的固定搭配短语 hand in hand手牵手 shoulder to shoulder肩并肩face to face面对面 one after another一个挨一个step by step一步一步地 word for word字字相对的 六、and和or用于表条件的特殊用法 祈使句+and+句子.表顺承关系的条件与结果关系。 祈使句+or+句子.表转折关系的因果关系译为“否则”。例:Work hard,and you ll succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。Work hard,or you ll fail. 努力工作,否则你一定会失败。 七、until的特殊用法 not…until…为一特定句型,表示“直到……才”,其强调结构应格外注意。1.It was+not until+句子+that+主句2.Until+从句+主句 3.Not until+从句+倒装主句。例: It was not until ten o clock,that I went to bed.Until ten o clock,I didn t go to bed. Not until he came back did I go to bed. 八、具有连词功能的名词、副词 。the moment,immediately,the minute,the day,the first time等。例:The moment I saw him yesterday,I couldn t help crying.昨天我见到他的那一刻就忍不住哭了出来。I gave that book to Jack immediately I saw him.我看到杰克后马上就把书给他了。 九、易于与连词混淆的副词。yet,still 由于汉语翻译的影响,yet,still易被误认为是连词,它们可以和alˉthough/though等连词连用。例: Though I didn t like the film,yet I went there at last. 情态动词 情态动词为每年必考的内容,除了情态动词基本语法特征以外,这一知识点的难点主要体现在can,may,must三个词表推测时的差异及用法,need与dare何时作实义动词、何时做情态动词,shall与第二、第三人称连用时的特殊含义以及情态动词的否定式该如何确定。 一、情态动词表推测 ①肯定推测分为对现在推测和对过去推测,对现在推测用一般现在时,对过去推测则一定要用完成时。例:It must be Spring in that country now.现在那个国家一定是春天。It must have rained last night.昨天晚上一定下雨了。 ②否定推测用can t.绝不能用mustn t,时态与①一致。例:It can t be Jack who is crying. 正在哭的那个人肯定不是杰克。 He couldn t/can t have stolen your money when you were out.他不可能在你不在的时候偷拿了你的钱。 二、need和dare. need和dare二者既可以作实义动词,又可以作情态动词,作实义动词时,意味着该动词有人称和数的变化,且后边直接加带to的不定式;做情态动词时,意味着该动词没有人称和数的变化,且后接不带to的不定式。例: ①—Do I need to hand in my homework,now?=Need I hand in my homework now?我需要马上交作业吗?—Yes,you do./No,you don t.=Yes,you must./No,you needn t是的,你必须/不,你不用。 ②Tom doesn t need to go if he is ill.=Tom needn t go if he is ill. 如果汤姆病了,他就不必去了。 ③—Does she dare to go out at night?=Dare she go out at night?她夜里敢出去吗? —Yes,she dose./No,She doesn t.=Yes,she dare./No,she daren t.是的,她敢。/不,她不敢。 当need表示“需要”时,与want,reqaire用法相同,只作实义动词,而且可以用“need/want/require+doing”这一句式主动表被动,例:The room needs repairing.这房子需要被修理一下。 如果need对过去已发生的事进行描述表示“没必要做某事,实际上做了”这一含义时,只能用“needn t+have done”这一句式,这里好多考生误以为完成式只能用来表示过去某件事情对现在的影响,因而有的考生把needn t do sth或needn t did sth用来表示这种含义,这是错误的,这与情态动词表推测的用法基本一致。It rained last night.昨天下雨了。 It must have rained last night.昨天晚上一定下雨了。 You gave me,000yesterday.昨天你给了我一千元钱。 You needn t have given me,000yesterday. 昨天你没必要给我一千元钱。(其实已经给过了。) 三、shall与第二、第三人称连用的特殊含义。 shall与第一人称连用等于will.但与其他人物连用时含义不同。当shall与第二人称连用时,表示说话人对对方的允诺、警告等。例:If you work hard,you shall get a pen as trophy. 如果你努力工作(我答应)你就会得到一支钢笔做为奖赏。 当shall与第三人称连用时表示说话人替第三人称向听说人所做出的争询意见。例: Sir,a Mr wang is awaiting you at the gate,shall he come in or stay there?先生,有位王先生在等您,(我问一下)他是进来还是呆在外边? 四、关于含有某些情态动词的反意疑问句 1.must 当must表示命令时,反意疑问句用needn t.例:He must hand in his homework now,needn t he?他必须现在交作业是吗? 当must表示推测时,反意疑问句与实际情况保持一致,即与把must删掉后的陈述句的反意疑问句保持一致,例: ①He must be a teacher,isn t he?他肯定是个老师,不是吗? 试比较:He is a teacher,isn t he?他是个老师,不是吗? ②He must have finished his homework hasn t he?他肯定已经完成作业了,不是吗? 试比较:He has finished his homework hasn t he?他完成作业了,不是吗? ③It must have rained last night,didn t it?昨天晚上肯定下雨了,不是吗? 试比较:It rained last night,didn t it?昨天晚上下雨了,不是吗? 2.含有can t的陈述句的反意疑问形式 当can t表示没能力做某事时,反意疑问句用can sb.例:Jack can t speak English,can he?杰克不会讲英语,会吗? 当can t用于表推测时,反意疑问句由实际情况决定,即由去掉can t后的真实陈述句决定。例: ①Jack can t be a teacher,is he?杰克不可能是一位老师,是吗?试比较:Jack is not a teacher,is he?杰克不是一位老师,是吗? ②He can t have finished his homework,has he?他不可能做完作业了,可能吗? 试比较:He hasn t finished his homework,has he?他没做完作业,不是吗? ③By the time we went there,he couldn t have finished his job,had he?昨天我们到那儿时他不可能已经做完工作了,是吗? 试比较:By the time we went there,he hadn t finished his job,had he?昨天我们到那儿时,他还没做完工作,是吗? 五、关于几个“会”的表示法的易混点can,表示普遍广义上的能力, 例:He can speak Japanese.他会讲日语。 be able to表示特殊情况下的现象。例: Althouth he can speak Japanese,yet he was not able to say,anything before the friends from Japanese. 管他会讲日语,但在这些日本朋友面前他什么也说不出来。will表示人主观乐意做的事情,强调意愿而非能力。例:Every morning he will spend an hour reading English.每天早上他都会花一小时读英语。 六、情态动词表示委婉客气语易错核心知识点 could,might,would等情态动词都有委婉用法,除了用做过去式使用,还可以表示说话人语气的委婉客气、礼貌等,常用于疑问句,尤其是请求别人时用,而当说话人提出帮助时或答应对方时则不能用。例:—Could I use your phone?—Yes,you . A.might B.could C.can D.should此题选C,该句用could提问,表示客气回答时需还原为can或may. 第七部分 动 词 动词是英语学习中的重头大戏,汉语中动词由于没有人称、数、时态等方面的变化,因此许多考生在使用动词时机械照搬造成错误,在掌握好动词基本特征的同时,应格外注意以下知识点。 一、动词的及物性与不及物性 ①英语为不及物动词,汉语翻译为及物动词。如:look,listen,think(考虑)wait,sit,agree,disagree 例:I am thinking going home应改为I am thinking of going home.Jack is waiting his mother.应为Jack is waiting for his mother.②英语当中为使役动词,汉语翻译为不及物动词的词。如seat(使…坐下) dress(给…穿衣服) frighten(使…害怕)astomish(使…吃惊) amuse(使…高兴) puzzle(使…迷惑)disappoint(使…失望) satisfy(使…满意)等例:—Wha t are you doing? —I m dressing。应改为I m dressing myself. When I heard the news,I disappointed.听到这个消息,我很失望。应改为When I heard the news,I was disappointed. ③受汉语习惯表达法影响,误把不及物动词当及物动词使用的,如:die(死) happen(发生) exist(存在) take place(发生) appear(出现)等。例:Nowadays the society exists something bad.现在,社会上存在一些不良事物。 应改为Nowadys something bad exists in the society.Yesterday,Our class happened an interesting story.昨天,我们班发生了一件有趣的故事。 应改为Yesterday,an interesting story happened in our class. 二、动词及动词短语与介词的重复使用 受汉语影响,有些考生不注意英语中动词本身含义,只通过表面翻译来生搬硬套,这类错误应格外注意。例: He entered into the room.他进入房间。应改为He entered the room.其中,enter为及物动词等于go into.please follow after me.请跟我来。 应改为Please follow me.或please go after me.The boy fell off from the bike. 应改为The boy fell off the bike.(fell off=fell down from) 三、动词与其他词性的词的混淆 由于母语干扰有些动词易与其他词性相混,在使用时造成错误。 1.形容词误当作动词如:afraid,fond,instead.例:①I afraid dogs very much. 应改为I am afraid of dogs very much.②I fond English. 应改为I am fond of English. 2.介词误当作动词。如across,against,beyond,like(像……)through.例:①I want to across this road. 应改为I want to go across this road.或I want to cross this road. ②On this matter,I against you. 应改为On this matter,I am against you. 四、动词时态方面的核心点 1.过去进行时与一般过去时易混点 过去进行时表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作,但当强调过于某段时间一直连续不断地进行某个动作,也用过去进行时。例:Last year I was writing a novel called life. 去年我一直在写一本名为《生活》的小说。 2.将来进行时与一般将来时的易混点 表示在将来某时间约定好的事实,用将来进行时。例:—Would you please give this book to Jack?—OK!I will be seeing him tonight. 此句中will be seeing表示两个已经约好的事实,译为—你乐意把这本书交给杰克呀?—没问题,今晚我就会见着他了。 3.隐含时间状语在某些句子中没有明显时间状语,考生需联系生活,体会句子使用的语境,做出判断。 例:—Mum,I ve lost my key again. —I it,you never do anything pleasant. A.know B.have known C.am knowing D.will know此题选A,表示我早就知道,即在这次丢钥匙之前就知道。 4.一般现在时表示将来时的易混知识点 现在表将来是指在从句中动词时态的特殊使用方法,但只限于条件状语从句,尤其是以if,when引导的宾语从句绝对不能这样使用。例:①I don t knowwhen he comes here.应改为 I don t knowwhen he will come here此处when引导宾语从句②I don t know if he wins the game tomorrow.应改为I don t know if he will win the game tomorrow. 五、动词语态方面的核心考点 1.受汉语翻译的影响,主被动语态的转变往往被忽略,如.The apples havn t washed yet!这些苹果还没洗呢! 这是一错误句子,应改为The apples haven t been washed yet! 切记:只要汉语中动词前面能加“被”字,不管平时表达习惯中是否用这个“被”字,那么英语中就一定用被动。例如:我的书卖完了,可以说成我的书被卖完了,那则译为My books have been sold out. 2.感官系动词及wash,use,write,sell等表示“……起来”时,往往主动表被动。例: These apples tast good,and sell well. 这些苹果尝起来好吃,卖起来也好卖。 3.当动作的实动者在句中出现时,主动表被动。例:I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些脏衣服要洗(自己洗)。I have some clothes to be wased.我有一些脏衣服要(被别人)洗。 六、非谓语动词方面的核心重点 非谓语动词就是对动词进行形变。在不改变其含义的情况下,让其具有在句子中充当不是谓语的其他语法成分的功能,如主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语等。其形式包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式、动名词几种其核心点主要有以下几点: 1.分词 ①分词短语做定语必须后置 ②分词短语的完成式不能作定语。例:不完成作业的小孩。 只能译为A boy who has finished his homework.绝不能译为A boy having finished his homework. ③分词作状语其逻辑主语和主句主语应一致,若不一致,则用独立主格结构例:“做完作业,妈妈允许小明看电视”如果译为 Having finished the homework,mum allowed Xiao Ming to watch TV. 则是错误的,主句主语是妈妈,而分词短语“having finished the homework”的逻辑主语为小明,因而应改正为 “With Xiao Ming having finished the homework,Mum allowed him twatchTV”. 2.不定式 ①不定式to的省略:to是个不定式重要标志,但在一些特殊句式中要省略。如: prefer to do sth rather than do sth;do nothing but do sth.等。 ②不定式的时态与谓语动词的时态用法不太一致,当不定式的动作发生在主句动作之后时,用一般式。例:He wants to go home now. 当不定式表示动作与主句动作同时发生则用进行式,例:He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外学习。 当不定式表示工作发生在主句动作之前,则用完成式,例:He is said to have studied abroad.据说他曾在国外学习过。 ③不定式做插入语的特殊短语 To tell you the truth,To be frank with you. ④易被误认为加不定式的含有介词to的动词短语。be devoted to doing sth.look forward to doing sth. 3.动名词 ①动名词主动表被动。在need,want,require表需要时,后面加doing主动表被动。例: The room needs cleaning=The room needs to be cleaned. ②动名词在句中充当主语时,逻辑主语应用其所有格。例:His coming late made me angry.他迟到了使我生气。 动名词在句中若充当宾语逻辑主语可用所有格,也可用宾格。例:I can t stand his/him talking on class.我不能忍受他课上说话。 第八部分 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是英语中特有的一种语言现象。理解掌握这一核心考点对考生至关重要。顾名思义,虚拟就是虚幻、模拟,与现实存在有差别的意思。要想吃透这一语言现象,考生必须从讲话人角度出发,揣摸其心态,而不能只停留在表面汉语翻译的浅层理解上,其基本使用情况可分为以下几种。 一、表示说话人说了也不可能出现的情况,而只能表示其一种美好的但已不能更改的或不可能实现的愿望,经常与wish或if连用,其构成形式主要体现在相关谓语动词时态前移。 例:1.I wish I could fly.我真希望我能飞。 在例句中,说话者能飞的愿望是不可能实现的,因此用could代替can.2.Yesterday I was ill,so I didn t go to school.How I wish I hadn t miss the imˉportant lecture! 昨天我病了,所以没上学,我多么希望我没有错过那场重要的讲座呀!此句中说话者不管怎么说,昨天没上学,讲座肯定是错过了,这已是不可更改的事实,所以用虚拟语气表示其心中的愿望,由hadn t miss代替didn t miss.当if从句表虚拟时,其从句中的动词也是从时态提前的形式出现。如果该从句表示对过去事实的虚拟,主句则用would/could+have done表示例:3If I had seen Tom yesterday,I would have given him this book.如果我昨天见到他了,我就会把书给他了.此句中,说话人昨天并没见着Tom,因此属虚拟条件句,由had seen代替saw与yesterday连用,主句则用would+完成式。不难看出,主句反映出其实说话人没有把书给Tom. 如果该从句表示对现在事情的虚拟,主句则用would/could+do表示,例:If I were you,I would go abroad.如果我是你,我就出国。注意下面对比例句. ①If it rains tomorrow,I will not go to school. 如果明天下雨我就不上学了。(不是虚拟语气,表示的确有可能下雨。) ②If it rained tomorrow,I would give you. 如果明天下雨,我就给你一千元钱。(是虚拟语气,表示不可能下雨。)此外,在对将来事件表示虚拟语气时,动词也提前一时态,也可以用should do或were to表示,上面②条件句还可以表达为If it should rain tomorrow或If it were to rain tomorrow. 二、表示说话人说了可能出现也可能不出现的情况 这类虚拟通常和suggest(建议),order,aduise连用,其构成形式为从句中动词用should+do或省略should。例:I suggest he(should)have a rest.我建议他休息一会儿 句中“他休息一会儿”是我建议的内容,会不会出现不由“I”来决定 另外,当这几个词以名词形式出现,与其有关的表语从句定语从句也要用虚拟语气。例: The doctor suggested I(should)lose weight. =The suggestion that I(should)lose weight was made by the doctor=The doctor s suggestion was that I(should)lose weight. 三、表示说话人不说也得出现的情况 这类虚拟语气的构成和第一种一样,由时态前移来体现,例:It is time we began our class.我们该上课了。 句子该不该上课是由时间和制度决定了,不管说不说这句话,我们都得上课。 四、表示说话人对过去发生事件的报怨,主要体现在下面句型中 should have done sth,shouldn t have done sth.例:You should have finished your homework on time.你本来应该按时完成作业。(而实际没做到)You shouldn t have stolen money from the others.你本来不应该偷别人的钱。(而实际偷了)以上两句中都渗透着讲话人的不满情绪。 虚拟语气是英语学习中较为抽象和难懂的一核心知识点,在平时训练过程中,一定要把握好语境,仔细推敲讲话人心思,做到“钻到说话人心里去”,那么就一定能攻克这一难点。 第九部分 倒装句 句子的正常语序是主语在前,谓语在后,在特定情况下,这一语序有时需要调整,从而出现倒装句,除了倒装句基本常识外,以下核心知识点应注意把握 一、虚拟语气中的倒装现象 在含有if的虚拟条件中,如果出现were,had或should,那么可以把if省略,直接提前were,had,should,仍表陈述的虚拟条件句,例: 1.If I were a bird,I would fly to the sky. 可以转化为Were I a bird,I would fly to the sky.如果我是一只小鸟,我将会飞向天空。 2.If I had seen him yesterday,I would have given him the book. 可以转化为Had I seen him yesterday,I would have given him the book.如果我昨天看到他了,就会把书给他了。 3.If it should snow in June,I would do anything for you. 可以转化为,Should it snow in June,I would do anything for you. 二、主语为人称代词时倒装句的使用情况 只有当up,down,there,here,in,out,away等方便副词放在句首时,如果主语为代词,则不倒装。而当否定词或含有否定意义的词,以及only修饰的短语做状语,和表示频率程度的副词及短语放在句首时,则用倒装结构。例.Here it comes他过来了。 Hardly had I entered the room,when the bell rang.我刚进门,电话就响了。Many a time did he helped me他不只一次地帮助我。注意以下特殊词语及短语. 1.否定词:never,nowhere,rarely,seldom,in no way,by no means,hardly…when,no sooner…than…,not until…表示程度,频率的词: always,many a time,often,once,so,such等 三、为平衡句式或强调而使用倒装的情况。例:At present is an English teacher. On the desk is a cat. Following the man is a little boy. 第十部分 复合句 复合句就是由主句和从句构成的句子,从句就是由句子构成的主句的某一成分,包括名词性从句、形容词性从句、状语从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句等,它所充当的成分与名词所充当的成分一致,形容词性从句即定语从句。状语从句又称为副词性从句,包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句等。除了基本的从句常识以外考生就重点把握以下核心内容。 一、名词性从句 1.主语从句 ①主语从句必须有引导词,如果主句从句中从句表陈述,则一定用that引导。这里that无实际意义,类似于古代汉语中的“之”用来取消句子独立性。例: That he was late made me angry. ②当主语从句表示不确定的“是否”选择关系时,则只能用whether引导而不能用if。例: Whether he will go abroad is not decided yet!他是否要出国还没决定呢! ③当主语从句表示疑问时,用相应的疑问词加陈述语序的句式,此时绝不能再加that.例:When he will come here will be announced in20minutes.他什么时候到这儿将会在20分钟后宣布。 2.宾语从句 ①当主句谓语动词为think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine,guess等词时,如果宾语从句是否定含义,则否定前移。例:I don t believe he is a thief.我相信他不是一个小偷。 而不能说成I believe he is not a thief. ②在含宾语从句的复合句中,如果就宾语从句中的成分提问、疑问词放在主句前,(know做主句谓语动词时除外),主句变疑问语序,而宾语从句仍用陈述语序。例: where do you think they should put their bikes?你认为他们应在哪放自行车呢? Do you knowwhere they should put their bikes?你知道他们应在哪放自行车吗? 3.whether与if的核心考点 ①引导让步状语时只用whether.例: Whether it rains or not,you must go to school.不管是否下雨,你必须要去上班。 ②表语从句或同位语从句中只能用whether.例: The problem whether he will be killed will be discussed.他是否会被处死这一问题即将被讨论。 ③与不定式或or not连用时,应用whether引导。例:I don t knowwhether to do it or not.我不知道是做还是不做这件事情。 二、定语从句 1.定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择,由先行词与从句中动词逻辑上的关系决定。 当先行词与从句中动词逻辑上有主谓或动宾关系时,则用关系代词。例:①The classroom which/that they are building. 在这一短语中,教室(先行词)与从句中动词be building有逻辑上的动宾关系,即正在修建教室,所以选用关系代词which/that引导定语从句。②The classroom where they study. 在这一短语中,先行词教室与从句中动词study有逻辑上的动词和地点状语关系在教室里学习,所以选用关系副词where来引导定语从句。 注意:关系副词往往可以转换成介词+关系代词的用法,例如第②句可以转化为The classroom in which they study. 2.that和which作为关系词时的核心知识点①只用which的情况 当与介词连用时只能用which.例:The room in which I study. 非限定性从句只能用which。 He bought a book in the shop,which he enjoyed very much. 当代替前面一句语内容,译为“这一点”时,只能用which.例:He stole some money,which made his father angry.②只用that的情况 先行词为不定代词时,只能用that做关系代词。例:Nothing that I bought was expensive. 先行词被序数词,形容词最高级所修饰时。例:He is the best student that I have ever seen.先行词既有人又有物时,例: I told him some books and friends that I loved. 三、状语从句 1.状语从句引导词的选择相对简单但应注意引导状语从句的关系副词when,where,why,how等又同时可以引导名词性从句。因此要分清。例:I ll stand where I am. 我将会站在原地不动,此处where引导状语从句。I ll stand at the place where I am. 我将会站在原地不动,此处where引导定语从句。2.whatever,whoever,用法 当引导状语从句时,whatever=No matter what whoever=No matter who.例: Whatever you say,I ll believe you.=No matter what you say I ll believe you. 两个词同时还可以引导名词性从句要注意区分。例:I like whatever you like. =I like anything that you like. 四、as的多重用法 1.引导原因状语 As he worked hard,he succeeded at last. 2.引导让步状语 Child as he is,he knows a lot. 3.引导时间状语 As he was walking,he was singing happily. 4.引导定语从句 As we all know,he is a hero. |
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