Linux下使用mdadm创建和管理软raid
注:本次操作以RHEL4为例,但应该可以应用到其它大部分的distro上(guess)。
mdadm的几个常用参数
-C 创建Raid,后面跟参数,代表raid设备的名称。比如:/dev/md0,/dev/md1。 -n 用于创建磁盘阵列的磁盘个数。 -l Raid的级别。 -x 指定用于hotspare(热备盘)的磁盘个数。如果阵列中有一块硬盘坏了,它会立刻顶上,并rebuild; -D 显示软raid的详细信息; -s 扫描配置文件(/etc/mdadm.conf)或'/proc/mdstat'来查看遗漏的信息f; 创建软raid的大体流程
使用fdisk工具为新磁盘创建分区;
使用mkfs.XXXX工具将刚才划分好的分区格式化成某种格式的文件系统。比如:ext3,reiserfs等; 使用mdadm来创建软raid; 创建/etc/mdadm.conf文件(注意文件的格式,包括是否有逗号等等。该文件是为了系统在重启后能 够自动启用软raid。可以查看/etc/rc.sysinit脚本,搜索'mdadm'字符串就明白了); 示例:创建软raid5(+hotspare)
以下是我的一次实际操作的完整过程:
这是用'fdisk -l'命令查看到的我当前的磁盘和分区情况(只有/dev/sda在使用,
其它四个都是新磁盘,没有分区,没有格式化): # fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 720 5783368+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 721 783 506047+ 82 Linux swap Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Disk /dev/sdd doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition table
使用fdisk创建分区(本例中将整块磁盘划分为一个主分区。其余几块磁盘也做相同的操作。): # fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected
by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n
Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-204, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-204, default 204): Using default value 204 Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks. 为刚才新建的分区建立文件系统(其余几个分区依次做相同的操作): # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) 52416 inodes, 208880 blocks 10444 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008 26 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2016 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801 Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 所有磁盘都操作完后,再次用'fdisk -l'查看磁盘及分区状态: # fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 720 5783368+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 721 783 506047+ 82 Linux swap Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 204 208880 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 204 208880 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdd1 1 204 208880 83 Linux Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sde1 1 204 208880 83 Linux 使用mdadm创建一个软raid,raid级别:5;并有一个hotspare盘: # mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l5 -n3 -x1 /dev/sd[b-e]1 mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. 输出信息显示软raid(/dev/md0)已经启用了。使用mdadm的-D参数(--detail)可以查 看软raid状态: # mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0: Version : 00.90.01 Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB) Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:21 2006
State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1 2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1 3 8 65 -1 spare /dev/sde1 UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416 Events : 0.2 生成配置文件(/etc/mdadm.conf):
# mdadm -D -s >/etc/mdadm.conf
查看一下: # cat /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5 num-devices=3 UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416 devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1,/dev/sde1 修改(把上面devices=后面的磁盘,都放到DEVICE后面,并且不要逗号。而/dev/md0之后 的内容,都要用逗号来分隔): DEVICE /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5,num-devices=3,UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416 重启一下,检测配置好的软raid是否能够在系统重启后自动启用。 重启后,查看'/proc/mdstat'文件就可以看到软raid的状态:
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid5] md0 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sde1[3] sdd1[2] sdc1[1] 417536 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] unused devices:
That's all. 出现故障后的恢复
这里指的出现故障,是指raid中的一块磁盘出现了故障,无法使用。这时候需要使用额外的 磁盘来代替它。这里以强制将某块磁盘标记为已损坏,来模拟实际出现故障(注:新的磁盘 的容量最好和已损坏的磁盘一致): 将/dev/sdb1标记为已损坏:
# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb1
mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0 这时候使用mdadm的-D参数来查看状态,可以看到/dev/sdb1已经被认为是faulty,而 hotspare(热备)盘'/dev/sde1'已经顶替了它的位置(这就是hotspare的作用): # mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0: Version : 00.90.01 Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB) Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:42:24 2006
State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 65 0 active sync /dev/sde1 1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1 2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1 3 8 17 -1 faulty /dev/sdb1 UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416 Events : 0.4 既然'/dev/sdb1'出现了故障,当然就要将它移除: # mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1 现在可以关机了。关机之后拔下这块已损坏的磁盘了,换上你的新磁盘。换好之 后,分区,mkfs.XXXX。然后将它加入到软raid中: # mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb1 这时候再使用mdadm的'-D'参数,可以看到sdb1已经作为hotspare盘了: # mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0: Version : 00.90.01 Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB) Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Aug 23 16:19:36 2006
State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 65 0 active sync /dev/sde1 1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1 2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1 3 8 17 -1 spare /dev/sdb1 UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416 Events : 0.6 misc 假如创建了RAID,但是没有生成 /etc/mdadm.conf 文件,那么系统重启后是 不会启用RAID的,这时候需要这样做: # mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 |
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