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知性（康德）：[德文Verstand，相对应于希腊词dianoia和拉丁词intellection，又译为“悟性”]康德把它区别于感性和理性。感性是接受性的，而知性是自发性的。知性关涉现象领域，并且无直观则空，理性倾向于超越经验的界限，并产生许多谬误推理。康德主张，知性的主要活动是判断，因此也称它为“判断的官能”。他认为，由于存在着相应于每类判断的先天概念（范畴）作为它的逻辑功能，所以知性由十二个范畴构成，因此知性也是概念的官能。它按照范畴对现象给予综合统一。这样它把直观和概念结合在一起，并使经验成为可能。它是自然的立法者。后来，某些哲学家（如费希特和黑格尔）批评他把知性和理性分开，其他哲学家（如新康德主义者）批评他把知性的结构从判断的活动中推导出来。 “现在我们能把知性的一切活动归结到判断，因此知性可视为判断的官能。” ——康德：《纯粹理性批判》，B94。 英语 understanding (Kant)： Epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind [German Verstand,corresponding to Greek dianoia and Latin intellectio] Kant distinguishedunderstanding from sensibility and reason. While sensibility is receptive,understanding is spontaneous. While understanding is concerned with the rangeof phenomena and is empty without intuition, reason, which moves from judgmentto judgment concerning phenomena, is tempted to extend beyond the limits of experienceto generate fallacious inferences. Kant claimed that the main act ofunderstanding is judgment and called it a faculty of judgment. He claimed thatthere is an a priori concept or category corresponding to each kind of judgmentas its logical function and that understanding is constituted by twelvecategories. Hence understanding is also a faculty of concepts. Understandinggives the synthetic unity of appearance through the categories. It thus bringstogether intuitions and concepts and makes experience possible. It is alawgiver of nature. Herder criticized Kant for separating sensibility andunderstanding. Fichte and Hegel criticized him for separating understanding andreason. Some neo-Kantians criticized him for deriving the structure ofunderstanding from the act of judgment. “Now we can reduce all acts of the understanding to judgements, and theunderstanding may therefore be represented as a faculty of judgement.” ——Kant,Critique of Pure Reason
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来自： The_Creator > 《哲思学意——每日哲学辞典》
