Freedman等最近在JAMA Cardiol上发表了一项队列研究结果[1],在5555位检测到房颤事件的患者中,45%服用华法林(加或不加阿司匹林),29%仅服用阿司匹林,26%无任何抗栓治疗。将之与年龄和性别匹配、无房颤的对照组24705例患者进行比较发现,校正的1.5年累积卒中发生率为:未治疗组3.9%,华法林治疗组1.3%,对照组1.2%。校正的1.5年累积死亡率:未治疗组7.2%,华法林治疗组4.2%,对照组2.5%。校正潜在基线混杂因素后,治疗组残余死亡风险仍显著高于对照组(见图1,2)。研究同时发现,抗血小板治疗不能降低卒中发生率和死亡率。
综上 所述 正规的抗凝治疗能够明显降低房颤患者的卒中发生率,NOACs抗凝的有效性不劣于华法林,安全性优于华法林,单用阿司匹林抗栓无效,亦无临床证据支持阿司匹林联合华法林或NOACs的使用。 目前,我国房颤患者的抗凝治疗率低、且不规范,应积极推广正规的抗凝治疗策略。但是抗凝治疗仅为被动治疗,部分患者在正规抗凝的基础上仍有血栓栓塞事件的发生,提示防治房颤本身及左心房血栓的重要性。对于房颤导致的卒中的防治,除了抗凝治疗应始终贯穿全程之外,还应从根治或减少房颤发作(消融加抗心律失常药物)开始,辅以对常见血栓形成部位如左心耳的处理(封堵、套扎、外科切除)。此外,还应包括基础疾病和危险因素(高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、酗酒、生活习惯不规律等)的治疗及纠正,以及上游治疗等,联合以上所有手段进行综合防治才能最大程度降低卒中的发生率。Freedman等的研究提示单纯抗凝治疗后房颤患者的死亡率依然高于无房颤的患者,这或许与长期房颤导致心力衰竭、增加心肌梗死的风险相关,反证了消融治疗、基础疾病治疗和上游治疗对于房颤患者的价值——不仅应着眼于预防卒中,还应提高患者的生存率。 [1] Ben F, Carlos M, Anja K, et al. Residual Risk of Stroke and Death in Anticoagulant-Treated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation[J]. JAMA Cardiol. Published online May 04, 2016. [2] Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke:the Framingham Study[J]. Stroke, 1991, 22:983-988. [3] 周自强, 胡大一, 陈捷, 等. 中国心房颤动现状的流行病学研究[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2004, 43:491-494. [4] Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, et al. 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Journal of Cardiology, 2016, 20(6):221-225. 医 师 简 介 惠 杰 主任医师、教授、博生生导师 现任苏州大学附属第一医院心内科主任医师。任中国医师协会心律学专业委员会委员,中国生物医学工程学会心律分会急症工作委员会委员,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会室性心律失常委员会成员、心房颤动委员会成员,江苏省医学会起搏与电生理分会常务委员,苏州市心血管病学分会副主任委员。主持及参与多项科研项目,如:“体外自动除颤复律”、“基于低频电场的心内膜三维标测研究”、“自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗中晚期心血管疾病的临床应用”等课题的研究,并获各种奖项二十一项,发表论文六十余篇,主编、副主编及参加专业书藉的编著23部。 本文内容为《门诊》杂志原创内容 出自《门诊》杂志2016年06月刊 转载须经授权并请注明出处。 《门诊》杂志官方微信 |
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