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这样学“英语语法”,看一遍就记牢!

 昵称34962845 2016-07-14


   学习英语语法知识的方法很多,在本期中我们主要通过口诀、歌诀以及顺口溜的形式帮助同学们掌握英语语法。


倒 装 句

倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。将整个谓语置于主语之前叫做全部倒装;只将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)移至主语之前叫做部分倒装,也叫半倒装。


【口诀】

副介开头要倒装,

人称代词则如常。

only修饰副介状,

位于句首半倒装。

否定意义副连介,

表示“也不”也倒装。

not only开头句,

前一分句须倒装。

had, were, should虚拟句,

省略if半倒装。

so / such置于句首表强调,

主句需用半倒装。


【妙语诠释】

1. 副介开头要倒装,人称代词则如常。

in, out, up, down, away, here, there, in front of等副词或介词短语开头的句子里,用完全倒装。但当主语是人称代词时,句子的语序不变。如:

Away went the girl.

Here he comes.

On the table stood two cups and a teapot.


2. only修饰副介状,位于句首半倒装。

only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时,句子需部分倒装。如:

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

Only in this way can you improve your listening.

Only when the government stops interfering (干涉) will we see any improvement in our schools.


3. 否定意义副连介,表示“也不”须倒装。

含有否定意义的副词、连词或介词短语置于句首时,句子要部分倒装。常见的这类单词或短语有:never, hardly, seldom, nowhere, rarely, not until, by no means, in no way, in no time, in no case等。如:

Not until you’ve done your homework can you play now.

neither, nor置于句首表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物时,句子须用倒装,其结构为“neither / nor + be /助动词/情态动词+主语”。如:

He doesn’t like Beethoven and neither do I.

I’ve never been to Iceland.

Nor have I.


4. not only开头句,前一分句须倒装。

not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个分句时,若not only置于句首,前一个分句用部分倒装结构。如:

Not only did I pay off all my debts, but I still saved some money to build a new house.


5. had, were, should虚拟句,省略if半倒装。

在省略if的虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有had, were, should时,则将其置于句首。如:

Were I you, I wouldn’t let him go.

Had I taken enough money yesterday, I would have bought that book.


6. so / such置于句首表强调,主句需用半倒装。

so / such ... that结构中的so, such连同它修饰的成分位于句首时,主句要部分倒装。如:

So loudly did he speak that everyone in the classroom could hear him clearly.

 

只能后接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)


【口诀】

建议冒险去想象,

期待享受防中断;

坚持继续非逃避,

放弃延期要做完;

注意反对避错过,

考虑忍受始实践;

禁止介意可推缓,

不禁习惯而喜爱。

 

【妙语诠释】

1. 建议冒险去想象

suggest (建议)advise (建议)risk (冒……危险)imagine (想象)

2. 期待享受防中断

look forward to (期待)enjoy (享受)prevent (阻止,防止)leave off (停止)

3. 坚持继续非逃避

insist on (坚持) keep (on) (继续)escape (逃避)

4. 放弃延期要做完

give up (放弃)put off (推迟,延期)finish (完成,结束)

5. 注意反对避错过

pay attention to (注意,留意)object to (反对)avoid (避免)miss (错过)

6. 考虑忍受始实践

consider (考虑)stand (容忍,忍受)set about (开始,着手)practise (练习,实践)

7. 禁止介意可推缓

forbid (禁止)mind (介意)permit (许可,允许)delay (耽搁)postpone (推迟)

8. 不禁习惯而喜爱

can’t help (禁不住)get used to (习惯于)fancy (喜爱)

 

主谓一致

【顺口溜】

单单复复最常见,

集体名词谓用单。

如若强调其成员,

复数谓语记心间。

有些名词谓常复,

people, police, cattle即这般。1

主语单数后接介,

谓语单数介无关。2

or, nor, but also, there be

近主原则挂嘴边。3

不定式短语、动词-ing谓全单,

主语从句较特别。4

时间、货币与距离,

谓语多单复少见。5

all / half of等,

of之宾语定答案。6

还有分数、百分数,

仍据of之宾定单、复。7

and连接两名词,

身兼两职一定冠,

两件()()系一概念。8

no, each, many a, every后接两单名,

以上情况请记清,

谓语全都用单数。9

the +形容词”表一类人,

谓语需要用复数。10


【妙语诠释】

1. 集合名词group, family, class等作主语时,如果强调整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果强调个体,谓语动词用复数形式。但people, police, cattle作主语,谓语动词常用复数形式。如:

Class One is likely to win.

Class One were all there when the door opened.

The police are looking for the lost child.


2. 主语为单数且后跟as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, except等介词(短语)时,谓语动词用单数。如:

Kelly as well as the other students has learned how to type.

Our school, with some few schools, was built in the 1960s.


3. or, either ... or, nor, neither ... nor, not only ... but also, not ... but等连接的并列成分作主语时,通常按照就近原则,即谓语通常要与靠近它的主语一致。there be后面接并列名词时,be应与最邻近的名词在数上保持一致。如:

Either you or I am to go there.

There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room.


4. 不定式短语、动词-ing形式(短语)作主语时,谓语一般用单数。主语从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数,但whatwhich引导的主语从句后的谓语动词或系动词要与其宾语或表语的数一致。如:

Collecting stamps is my favourite hobby.

Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow hasn’t been decided.

What mother bought are some books.


5. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词作主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如:

Twenty years has passed since we left school.

Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.


6. all / half of +名词”作主语,谓语的单复数由of之后的名词的单复数来决定。如:

Half of my friends live in this city.

All of the money has been used up.


7. “分数/百分数+ of +名词”作主语时,谓语的单复数由of之后的名词的单复数而定。如:

Two fifths of the money was used to buy their food or drinks.

Twenty percent of the students in that school come fromAmerica.


8. and连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念的单数名词或构成一个整体事物的两个名词时,谓语用单数。如:

A singer and dancer was present at the party today.

War and peace is a constant theme in history.


9. 两个并列的名词由no, each, many a, every等修饰时,谓语用单数。如:

Many a student and girl in the class has been to Beijing.

No sound and no voice is heard.


10. the +形容词”表示某一类人作主语时,谓语用复数形式。如:

The rich are not always happy though they have much money.


常接不定式作宾语的动词

【口诀】

四个“希望”三“答应”,

四个“想要”巧“安排”;

“设法”“学会”“做决定”,

“企图”“假装”要“选择”;

“提供”“要求”别“拒绝”,

“威胁”“准备”不“失败”。


【妙语诠释】

1. 四个“希望”三“答应”:

hope (希望)wish (希望)expect (希望)long (希望)agree (答应)promise (答应)undertake (答应)


2. 四个“想要”巧“安排”:

plan (想要)want (想要)mean (想要)desire (想要)arrange (安排)


3. “设法”“学会”“做决定”:

manage (设法)learn (学会)decide (做决定)determine (做决定)


4. “企图”“假装”要“选择”:

attempt (企图)pretend (假装)choose (选择)


5. “提供”“要求”别“拒绝”:

offer (提供)demand (要求)refuse (拒绝)


6. “威胁”“准备”不“失败”:

threaten (威胁)prepare (准备)fail (失败)

 

动词时态题解题技巧

【顺口溜】

动词时态是难关,

时间一定要先看;

主语确定谓语数,

动词变化不算难;

短文会话观全局,

单句无时判一般。


【妙语诠释】

1. 第一句说明了动词时态在学习过程中的重要性,同时强调在做动词时态题时,首先要找出时间标志词,再根据时间确定动词的时态。如:

Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he ________ (be) busy.

答案是was。因为yesterday是一般过去时的标志词。

Up to now, the program ________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.

答案是has saved。根据句首的Up to now可知,本句应用现在完成时。


2. 第二句强调做时态题的第二步是要找准句子的主语,然后根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如:

Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________ (wear) evening dress. 

答案是wears。因为定语从句中主语who指代的是the only one of the women,所以谓语动词用单数形式,同时根据主句时态可知在此应用一般现在时。

Is everyone here?

Not yet ... Look, here ________ (come) the rest of our guests!

答案是come。因为主语是the rest of our guests,所以谓语动词用复数形式,同时根据语境可知在此应用一般现在时。


3. 第三句强调我们在做时态练习题时,若碰到的是短文或对话,就要通过全文或上下句之间的时间关系来确定动词的时态。如:

I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?

Sorry, I ________ (not make) myself clear. We want to return on October 20.    

答案是haven’t made。根据语境可知答话者没有把自己的意思表达清楚,所以对方没弄懂。故用现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。

In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the r sounds at the end of the words ________ (drop).      

答案是are dropped。本句没有任何表示时间的词,但根据句意可知本句表示客观事实,所以用一般现在时。

以上几句顺口溜从一个侧面告诉了我们做时态练习题应注意的几个核心:时间、主语和动词。

 

直接引语与间接引语人称变化

【口诀】

一主、二宾、三不变。同主变一、同宾变二、不同者不变。


【妙语诠释】

1. 直接引语变为间接引语时,人称变化规律用“一主、二宾、三不变”口诀。

直接引语变间接引语时,去掉引号后,引号内的第一人称要改成引号外主语的人称;而引号内的第二人称要改成引号外主句的暗含宾语的人称;引号内的第三人称保留不变,且不改变原人称的数和格,即单、复数和主、宾、所有格不变。如:

Tom said to Mary, “I’ll help your brother with his English.”

Tom told Mary he’d help her brother with his English.

引号中第一人称I应改成与主句的主语Tom相应的人称,即he。(一主)

引号中第二人称your应改成与主句的宾语Mary相应的人称,但不变格,即her。(二宾)

引号中第三人称his仍应保留原来人称,不可改变。(三不变)


2. 间接引语变为直接引语时,人称变化规律用口诀“同主变一、同宾变二、不同者不变”。

间接引语变为直接引语时,在加引号后,宾语从句中的代词如果和主句中的主语人称相同,则要改成第一人称;如果和主句中的宾语人称相同则要改成第二人称,数和格不变;如果从句中人称代词既不同于主句的主语的人称又不同于宾语的人称,则仍应保留其原人称不变。如:

She asked me if I had seen the film with her brother the day before.

She asked me, Did you see the film with my brother yesterday?

从句中代词I和主句中的宾语人称相同应改为第二人称you。(同宾变二)

从句中物主代词her和主句的主语人称相同,应改为第一人称my。(同主变一)


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