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【十分钟教会你汇编】MIPS编程入门(妈妈说标题要高大上,才会有人看>

 凤凰苑凶真 2017-05-09

  无意中找到一篇十分好用,而且篇幅也不是很大的入门教程,通篇阅后,再把“栗子”敲一遍,基本可以有一个比较理性的认识,从而方便更好地进一步深入学习。

废话不多说,上干货(英语好的直接跳过本人的渣翻译了哈——!纯本人手打原创,有错请指教,要转载请声明出处,谢~~):

 

MIPS Architecture and Assembly Language Overview

MIPS架构及其汇编初步

 

(开始之前稍微再提下,整体分为4个结构:)

  1: 寄存器种类;

  2: 算术及寻址指令

  3: 程序结构

  4: 系统调用 

Data Types and Literals

数据类型

  • 所有MIPS指令都是32位长的
  • 各单位:1字节=8位,半字长=2个字节,1字长=4个字节
  • 一个字符空间=1个字节
  • 一个整型=一个字长=4个字节
  • 单个字符用单引号,例如:'b'
  • 字符串用双引号,例如:"A string"

Registers

寄存器

  • MIPS下一共有32个通用寄存器
  • 在汇编中,寄存器标志由$符开头
  • 寄存器表示可以有两种方式
    • 直接使用该寄存器对应的编号,例如:从$0到$31
    • 使用对应的寄存器名称,例如:$t1, $sp(详细含义,下文有表格
      对于乘法和除法分别有对应的两个寄存器$lo, $hi
      • 对于以上二者,不存在直接寻址;必须要通过mfhi("move from hi")以及mflo("move from lo")分别来进行访问对应的内容
      • 栈的走向是从高地址到低地址
MIPS下各个寄存器编号及描述:

Register
Number

寄存器编号

Alternative 
Name

寄存器名

Description

寄存器用途

0
zero

the value 0

永远返回零

1
$at

(assembler temporary) reserved by the assembler

汇编保留寄存器(不可做其他用途)

2-3
$v0 - $v1

(values) from expression evaluation and function results

Value简写)存储表达式或者是函数的返回值

4-7
$a0 - $a3

(arguments) First four parameters for subroutine.
Not preserved across procedure calls

Argument简写)存储子程序的前4个参数,在子程序调用过程中释放

8-15
$t0 - $t7

(temporaries) Caller saved if needed. Subroutines can use w/out saving.
Not preserved across procedure calls

Temp简写)临时变量,同上调用时不保存

16-23
$s0 - $s7

(saved values) - Callee saved. 
A subroutine using one of these must save original and restore it before exiting.
Preserved across procedure calls

Saved or Static简写?)静态变量?调用时保存

24-25
$t8 - $t9

(temporaries) Caller saved if needed. Subroutines can use w/out saving.
These are in addition to $t0 - $t7 above.
Not preserved across procedure calls.

Temp简写)算是前面$0~$7的一个继续,属性同$t0~$t7

26-27
$k0 - $k1

reserved for use by the interrupt/trap handler

(breaK off简写?)中断函数返回值,不可做其他用途

28
$gp

global pointer. 
Points to the middle of the 64K block of memory in the static data segment.

Global Pointer简写)指向64k(2^16)大小的静态数据块的中间地址(字面上好像就是这个意思,块的中间)

29
$sp

stack pointer 
Points to last location on the stack.

(Stack Pointer简写)栈指针,指向的是栈顶

30
$s8/$fp

saved value / frame pointer
Preserved across procedure calls

(Saved/Frame Pointer简写)帧指针

31
$ra

return address

返回地址,目测也是不可做其他用途

 

Program Structure

程序结构

  • 本质其实就只是数据声明+普通文本+程序编码(文件后缀为.s,或者.asm也行)
  • 数据声明在代码段之后(其实在其之前也没啥问题,也更符合高级程序设计的习惯)

Data Declarations

数据声明

  • 数据段以 .data为开始标志
  • 声明变量后,即在主存中分配空间。

Code

代码

  • 代码段以 .text为开始标志
  • 其实就是各项指令操作
  • 程序入口为main:标志(这个都一样啦)
  • 程序结束标志(详见下文)

Comments

注释

  • 同C系语言
      • MIPS程序的基本模板如下:
        # Comment giving name of program and description of function
        # 说明下程序的目的和作用(其实和高级语言都差不多了) # Template.s #Bare-bones outline of MIPS assembly language program
        .data # variable declarations follow this line
             # 数据变量声明 # ... .text # instructions follow this line # 代码段部分 main: # indicates start of code (first instruction to execute)
        # 主程序 # ... # End of program, leave a blank line afterwards to make SPIM happy
        # 必须多给你一行,你才欢?

  

Data Declarations

数据声明

format for declarations:

声明的格式:

name:	                storage_type	value(s)	
变量名:(冒号别少了) 数据类型 变量值
  • create storage for variable of specified type with given name and specified value
  • value(s) usually gives initial value(s); for storage type .space, gives number of spaces to be allocated
  • 通常给变量赋一个初始值;对于.space,需要指明需要多少大小空间(bytes)

Note: labels always followed by colon ( : )

example
	
var1:		.word	3	# create a single integer variable with initial value 3
                   # 声明一个 word 类型的变量 var1, 同时给其赋值为 3 array1: .byte 'a','b' # create a 2-element character array with elements initialized # to a and b
                   # 声明一个存储2个字符的数组 array1,并赋值 'a', 'b' array2: .space 40 # allocate 40 consecutive bytes, with storage uninitialized # could be used as a 40-element character array, or a # 10-element integer array; a comment should indicate which!
                   # 为变量 array2 分配 40字节(bytes)未使用的连续空间,当然,对于这个变量
                   # 到底要存放什么类型的值, 最好事先声明注释下!

 


 

 

Load / Store Instructions

加载/保存(也许这里写成读取/写入 可能更易理解一点) 指令集

  • 如果要访问内存,不好意思,你只能用 load 或者 store 指令
  • 其他的只能都一律是寄存器操作

load:

	lw	register_destination, RAM_source

#copy word (4 bytes) at source RAM location to destination register.

从内存中 复制 RAM_source 的内容到 对应的寄存器中

(lw中的'w'意为'word',即该数据大小为4个字节)

	lb	register_destination, RAM_source

#copy byte at source RAM location to low-order byte of destination register,
# and sign-e.g.tend to higher-order bytes

同上, lb 意为 load byte

store word:

	sw	register_source, RAM_destination

#store word in source register into RAM destination

#将指定寄存器中的数据 写入 到指定的内存中

	sb	register_source, RAM_destination

#store byte (low-order) in source register into RAM destination

load immediate:

	li	register_destination, value

#load immediate value into destination register

顾名思义,这里的 li 意为 load immediate

 

example:
	.data
var1:	.word	23		# declare storage for var1; initial value is 23
                   # 先声明一个 word 型的变量 var1 = 3;
	.text
__start:
	lw	$t0, var1	# load contents of RAM location into register $t0:  $t0 = var1
                   # 令寄存器 $t0 = var1 = 3; li $t1, 5 # $t1 = 5 ("load immediate")
                   # 令寄存器 $t1 = 5; sw $t1, var1 # store contents of register $t1 into RAM: var1 = $t1
                   # 将var1的值修改为$t1中的值: var1 = $t1 = 5; done

 


 

Indirect and Based Addressing

立即与间接寻址

load address:

直接给地址

	la	$t0, var1
  • copy RAM address of var1 (presumably a label defined in the program) into register $t0

indirect addressing:

地址是寄存器的内容(可以理解为指针)

	lw	$t2, ($t0)
  • load word at RAM address contained in $t0 into $t2
	sw	$t2, ($t0)
  • store word in register $t2 into RAM at address contained in $t0

based or indexed addressing:

+偏移量

	lw	$t2, 4($t0)
  • load word at RAM address ($t0+4) into register $t2
  • "4" gives offset from address in register $t0
	sw	$t2, -12($t0)
  • store word in register $t2 into RAM at address ($t0 - 12)
  • negative offsets are fine

Note: based addressing is especially useful for:

不必多说,要用到偏移量的寻址,基本上使用最多的场景无非两种:数组,栈。

  • arrays; access elements as offset from base address
  • stacks; easy to access elements at offset from stack pointer or frame pointer

 

example:
栗子: .data array1: .space 12 # declare 12 bytes of storage to hold array of 3 integers
                        # 定义一个 12字节 长度的数组 array1, 容纳 3个整型 .text __start: la $t0, array1 # load base address of array into register $t0
                        # 让 $t0 = 数组首地址 li $t1, 5 # $t1 = 5 ("load immediate") sw $t1, ($t0) # first array element set to 5; indirect addressing
                        # 对于 数组第一个元素赋值 array[0] = $1 = 5 li $t1, 13 # $t1 = 13 sw $t1, 4($t0) # second array element set to 13
                        # 对于 数组第二个元素赋值 array[1] = $1 = 13
                        # (该数组中每个元素地址相距长度就是自身数据类型长度,即4字节, 所以对于array+4就是array[1]) li $t1, -7 # $t1 = -7 sw $t1, 8($t0) # third array element set to -7
                        # 同上, array+8 = (address[array[0])+4)+ 4 = address(array[1]) + 4 = address(array[2]) done

 


 

Arithmetic Instructions

算术指令集

  • 最多3个操作数
  • 再说一遍,在这里,操作数只能是寄存器,绝对不允许出现地址
  • 所有指令统一是32位 = 4 * 8 bit = 4bytes = 1 word

  add $t0,$t1,$t2 # $t0 = $t1 + $t2; add as signed (2's complement) integers

		sub	$t2,$t3,$t4	#  $t2 = $t3 D $t4
		addi	$t2,$t3, 5	#  $t2 = $t3 + 5;   "add immediate" (no sub immediate)
		addu	$t1,$t6,$t7	#  $t1 = $t6 + $t7;   add as unsigned integers
		subu	$t1,$t6,$t7	#  $t1 = $t6 + $t7;   subtract as unsigned integers

		mult	$t3,$t4		#  multiply 32-bit quantities in $t3 and $t4, and store 64-bit
					#  result in special registers Lo and Hi:  (Hi,Lo) = $t3 * $t4
                         运算结果存储在hi,lo(hi高位数据, lo地位数据) div $t5,$t6 # Lo = $t5 / $t6 (integer quotient) # Hi = $t5 mod $t6 (remainder)
                         商数存放在 lo, 余数存放在 hi mfhi $t0 # move quantity in special register Hi to $t0: $t0 = Hi
                         不能直接获取 hi 或 lo中的值, 需要mfhi, mflo指令传值给寄存器 mflo $t1 # move quantity in special register Lo to $t1: $t1 = Lo # used to get at result of product or quotient
move $t2,$t3 # $t2 = $t3

 


 

Control Structures

控制流

Branches

分支(if else系列)

  • comparison for conditional branches is built into instruction
		b	target		#  unconditional branch to program label target
		beq	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 = $t1
		blt	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 < $t1
		ble	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 <= $t1
		bgt	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 > $t1
		bge	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 >= $t1
		bne	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 <> $t1

Jumps

跳转(while, for, goto系列)

		j	target	     #  unconditional jump to program label target
                        看到就跳, 不用考虑任何条件
jr $t3 # jump to address contained in $t3 ("jump register")
                          类似相对寻址,跳到该寄存器给出的地址处

Subroutine Calls

子程序调用

subroutine call: "jump and link" instruction

	jal	sub_label	#  "jump and link"
  • copy program counter (return address) to register $ra (return address register)
  • 将当前的程序计数器保存到 $ra 中
  • jump to program statement at sub_label

subroutine return: "jump register" instruction

	jr	$ra	#  "jump register"
  • jump to return address in $ra (stored by jal instruction)
  • 通过上面保存在  $ra 中的计数器返回调用前

Note: return address stored in register $ra; if subroutine will call other subroutines, or is recursive, return address should be copied from $ra onto stack to preserve it, since jal always places return address in this register and hence will overwrite previous value

如果说调用的子程序中有调用了其他子程序,如此往复, 则返回地址的标记就用 栈(stack) 来存储, 毕竟 $ra 只有一个, (哥哥我分身乏术啊~~)。

 


 

System Calls and I/O (SPIM Simulator)

  系统调用 与 输入/输出(主要针对SPIM模拟器)

 (本人使用的是Mars 4.4,也通用--!)

 

  • 通过系统调用实现终端的输入输出,以及声明程序结束
  • 学会使用 syscall
  • 参数所使用的寄存器:$v0, $a0,  $a1
  • 返回值使用: $v0

下表给出了系统调用中对应功能,代码,参数机返回值

Service

Code
in $v0

对应功能的调用码

Arguments

所需参数

Results

返回值

print_int

打印一个整型

$v0 = 1

$a0 = integer to be printed

将要打印的整型赋值给 $a0

 

print_float

打印一个浮点

$v0 = 2

$f12 = float to be printed

将要打印的浮点赋值给 $f12

 

print_double

打印双精度

$v0 = 3

$f12 = double to be printed

将要打印的双精度赋值给 $f12

 
print_string
$v0 = 4

$a0 = address of string in memory

将要打印的字符串的地址赋值给 $a0

 
read_int
$v0 = 5
 

integer returned in $v0

将读取的整型赋值给 $v0

read_float

读取浮点

$v0 = 6
 

float returned in $v0

将读取的浮点赋值给 $v0

read_double

读取双精度

$v0 = 7
 

double returned in $v0

将读取的双精度赋值给 $v0

read_string

读取字符串

$v0 = 8

$a0 = memory address of string input buffer

将读取的字符串地址赋值给 $a0
$a1 = length of string buffer (n)

将读取的字符串长度赋值给 $a1

 

sbrk

应该同C中的sbrk()函数

动态分配内存

$v0 = 9

$a0 = amount

需要分配的空间大小(单位目测是字节 bytes)

address in $v0

将分配好的空间首地址给 $v0

exit

退出

$v0 =10
 你懂得  
  • 大概意思是要打印的字符串应该有一个终止符,估计类似C中的'\0', 在这里我们只要声明字符串为 .asciiz 类型即可。下面给个我用Mars4.4的提示:
  • .ascii 与 .asciiz唯一区别就是 后者会在字符串最后自动加上一个终止符, 仅此而已
  • The read_int, read_float and read_double services read an entire line of input up to and including the newline character.
  • 对于读取整型, 浮点型,双精度的数据操作, 系统会读取一整行,(也就是说以换行符为标志 '\n')
  • The read_string service has the same semantices as the UNIX library routine fgets.
    • It reads up to n-1 characters into a buffer and terminates the string with a null character.
    • If fewer than n-1 characters are in the current line, it reads up to and including the newline and terminates the string with a null character.
    • 这个不多说了,反正就是输入过长就截取,过短就这样,最后都要加一个终止符。
  • The sbrk service returns the address to a block of memory containing n additional bytes. This would be used for dynamic memory allocation.
  • 上边的表里已经说得很清楚了。
  • The exit service stops a program from running.
  • 你懂得。。。
e.g. Print out integer value contained in register $t2
栗子: 打印一个存储在寄存器 $2 里的整型
li $v0, 1 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0;
                             
声明需要调用的操作代码为 1 (print_int) 并赋值给 $v0 # code for printing integer is 1 move $a0, $t2 # move integer to be printed into $a0: $a0 = $t2
                             
将要打印的整型赋值给 $a0 syscall # call operating system to perform operation
e.g. Read integer value, store in RAM location with label int_value (presumably declared in data section)
栗子: 读取一个数,并且存储到内存中的 int_value 变量中
li $v0, 5 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0; # code for reading integer is 5
                             
声明需要调用的操作代码为 5 (read_int) 并赋值给 $v0  syscall # call operating system to perform operation、
                             
经过读取操作后, $v0 的值已经变成了 输入的 5 sw $v0, int_value # value read from keyboard returned in register $v0; # store this in desired location
                             
通过写入(store_word)指令 将 $v0的值(5) 存入 内存中          e.g. Print out string (useful for prompts)
栗子: 打印一个字符串(这是完整的,其实上面栗子都可以直接替换main: 部分,都能直接运行) .data string1 .asciiz "Print this.\n" # declaration for string variable, # .asciiz directive makes string null terminated .text main: li $v0, 4 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0; # code for printing string is 4
                            
打印字符串, 赋值对应的操作代码 $v0 = 4 la $a0, string1 # load address of string to be printed into $a0
                             
将要打印的字符串地址赋值 $a0 = address(string1) syscall # call operating system to perform print operation
e.g. To indicate end of program, use exit system call; thus last lines of program should be:
执行到这里, 程序结束, 立马走人, 管他后边洪水滔天~~ li $v0, 10      # system call code for exit = 10 syscall # call operating sys

-------------------------------------------------
我是那个分呀分呀分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------------

OK, 十分轻松又愉快的MIPS入门之旅到此告一段落, 下面我把用到的一些软件和这篇文章的原文链接贴到下边,有需要的, 各位客官自取哈~~~

1.Mars4.4
2.PCSpim Simulator
3.《MIPS Qucik Tutorial》

你都看到这里了, 难道还怕点那么一个赞么~~~~~  


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