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质量监测常用统计学工具(相关法规及缺陷)

 留在家里 2017-07-20

统计学相关法规要求及缺陷汇总

 一、法规要求      

中国《GMP》


第二百五十三条 企业应当建立实施纠正和预防措施的操作规程,内容至少包括:
(一)对投诉、召回、偏差、自检外部检查结果、工艺性能质量监测趋势以及其他来源的质量数据进行分析,确定已有和潜在的质量问题。必要时,应当采用适当的统计学方法
(二)调查与产品、工艺和质量保证系统有关的原因;
(三)确定所需采取的纠正和预防措施,防止问题的再次发生;
(四)评估纠正和预防措施的合理性、有效性和充分性;
(五)对实施纠正和预防措施过程中所有发生的变更应当予以记录;
(六)确保相关信息已传递到质量受权人和预防问题再次发生的直接负责人;
(七)确保相关信息及其纠正和预防措施已通过高层管理人员的评审。

中国GMP附录

《确认与验证》


第二节  持续工艺确认

第二十七条  在产品生命周期中,应当进行持续工艺确认,对商业化生产的产品质量进行监控和趋势分析,以确保工艺和产品质量始终处于受控状态。

第二十九条  持续工艺确认应当按照批准的文件进行,并根据获得的结果形成相应的报告。必要时,应当使用统计工具进行数据分析,以确认工艺处于受控状态

第三十条  持续工艺确认的结果可以用来支持产品质量回顾分析,确认工艺验证处于受控状态。当趋势出现渐进性变化时,应当进行评估并采取相应的措施。


第九章  再确认和再验证

第五十三条  当验证状态未发生重大变化,可采用对设施、设备和工艺等的回顾审核,来满足再确认或再验证的要求。当趋势出现渐进性变化时,应当进行评估并采取相应的措施

EU GMP 

附录15《 确认与验证》


Continuous process verification. 

持续工艺确认

An alternative approach to process validation in which manufacturing process performance is continuously monitored and evaluated. (ICH Q8)

对生产工艺性能进行持续监控和评估的替代性工艺验证方法


Ongoing Process Verification during Lifecycle

 生命周期中持续进行的工艺确认

5.29. Manufacturers should monitor product quality to ensure that a state of control is maintained throughout the product lifecycle with the relevant process trends evaluated.

生产商应监控产品质量,并进行相关的工艺趋势评估,以保证在产品的生产周期维护其受控状态。

 

Ongoing process verification should be conducted under an approved protocol or equivalent documents and a corresponding report should be prepared to document the results obtained. Statistical tools should be used, where appropriate, to support any conclusions with regard to the variability and capability of a given process and ensure a state of control.

进行中工艺确认应根据批准的方案或等同的文件实施,应制订相应的报告记录所获得的结果。适用时,应使用统计学工具来支持所有关于给定工艺变动性和能力的结论,以保证其受控状态。

FDA行业指南

<工艺验证一般原则与指南>


工艺性能确认(PPQ)

The sampling plan, including sampling points, number of samples, and the frequency of sampling for each unit operation and attribute. The number of samples should be adequate to provide sufficient statistical confidence of quality both within a batch and between batches. The confidence level selected can be based on risk analysis as it relates to the particular attribute under examination. Sampling during this stage should be more extensive than is typical during routine production.
· 取样方案,包括每一单元操作及属性的取样点、样品数和取样频率。样品数应该对批内和批间质量均足以提供统计学置信度。选定的置信水平可以考察中的特殊属性相关的风险分析为基础。此阶段取样应比日常生产中的典型取样更广泛。

 

Criteria and process performance indicators that allow for a science- and risk-based decision about the ability of the process to consistently produce quality products. The criteria should include:
· 考虑到关于始终如一地生产优质产品能力的基于科学和风险的决策标准和工艺性能指标。这些标准应包括:


-a description of the statistical methods to be used in analyzing all collected data (e.g., statistical metrics defining both intra-batch and inter-batch variability).
-用于分析所有收集数据的统计学方法描述 (例如: 定义批内批间变异的统计度量)。


-Provision for addressing deviations from expected conditions and handling of nonconforming data. Data should not be excluded from further consideration in terms of PPQ without a documented, science-based justification.17
-强调期望条件与非一致性数据处理间偏差的规定。就工艺性能确认而言,如果没有文件证明和基于科学的正当理由,数据不应被排除于进一步的考虑之外。

 

持续工艺确认(CPV)

An ongoing program to collect and analyze product and process data that relate to product quality must be established (§ 211.180(e)). The data collected should include relevant process trends and quality of incoming materials or components, in-process material, and finished products. The data should be statistically trended
and reviewed by trained personnel. The information collected should verify that the quality attributes are being appropriately controlled throughout the process.
必须建立一个持续和不断发展的程序,收集和分析与产品质量有关的产品和工艺数据(§211.180(e))。所搜集的数据,应包括相关的工艺趋势和引入物料或组分、在加工材料和成品。数据应进行统计学趋势分析,并由经过培训的人员审核。对所收集信息,应核实质量属性在整个工艺中正受到适当控制。

 

We recommend that a statistician or person with adequate training in statistical process control techniques develop the data collection plan and statistical methods and procedures used in measuring and evaluating process stability and process capability.18 Procedures should describe how trending and calculations are to
be performed and should guard against overreaction to individual events as well as against failure to detect unintended process variability. Production data should be collected to evaluate process stability and capability. The quality unit should review this information. If properly carried out, these efforts can identify variability in the process and/or signal potential process improvements.
我们建议,由统计学家或是在统计学工艺控制技术方面受过充分训练的人员,开发用于测定和评估工艺稳定性和工艺能力的数据收集方案、统计学方法及程序。 程序应说明如何进行趋势分析和计算, 还应防止对个别事件的过度反应, 以及防止不能探测到意外的工艺变异。应收集生产数据对工艺稳定性和工艺能力进行评估。质量部门应审核这类信息。如果正确实施,这些努力能够甄别出工艺变异和/或有潜力用于工艺改进的信号。

 

Good process design and development should anticipate significant sources of variability and establish appropriate detection, control, and/or mitigation strategies, as well as appropriate alert and action limits. However, a process is likely to encounter sources of variation that were not previously detected or to which
the process was not previously exposed. Many tools and techniques, some statistical and others more qualitative, can be used to detect variation, characterize it, and determine the root cause. We recommend that the manufacturer use quantitative, statistical methods whenever appropriate and feasible. Scrutiny of intra-batch as well as inter-batch variation is part of a comprehensive continued process verification program under § 211.180(e).
良好的工艺设计和开发,应能提前预见变异的重要来源,建立适当的探测、控制和/或减轻策略,以及适当的报警和行动限制。然而,一项工艺可能会遇到之前没有探测到,或工艺没有在之前面临的多个变异来源。很多工具和技术,一些属于统计学的及更多属于定性的,能用来探测变异,表征其特征,以及确定根本原因。我们建议生产商在任何适当和可行的情况下,使用定量、统计学方法。详查批内以及批间变异,是§ 211.180(e)中全面持续工艺核查计划的部分

FDA行业指南

《质量量度要求》(草案)


与工艺验证生命周期和药品质量体系(PQS)评估有关的记录

人用药品的 cGMP 法规要求一个持续的计划来保持并评估产品和与产品质量有关的工艺数据。实施该评价的一种方式是年度产品回顾(APR),至少每年开展一次,所收集的数据包括相关的工艺趋势,进厂物料或成分、中间物料以及成品的质量。应由受过培训的人员统计和回顾审查这些数据的趋势。所收集的信息应当证实整个工艺中质量属性适当受控,并决定是否需要更新或改进质量标准、生产或控制规程。这一评估包括回顾有代表性数量的批次,及与这些批次有关的各种记录、投诉、召回、退货或销毁,以及开展的相应的调查。此外,设施、公用工程和设备的维护是另外一个确保工艺依然受控的重要方面。应当定期评估设备和设施的确认数据。为开展这一评估,报告设施和生产商应持续计算和评估质量量度。一些设施也可以选择采用实时内部计算和评估量度的系统。


工艺能力/性能

FDA 认识到统计工艺控制的重要性,将其视为理解和管理产品和工艺变异的工具,对于申报和非申报产品都如此。我们建议统计学家或者在统计工艺控制技术方面接受过充分训练的人员来制定数据收集计划、统计方法以及测量和评估工艺稳定性和工艺能力的规程。这些规程应说明如何开展趋势分析和计算,并应

该防止对孤立事件过度反应,同时防止未能检测到意外的工艺变异 。然而,经常情况下,生产控制要素,或是使用批准时认为适当的控制策略是基于在产品推出时对工艺能力的早期估计制定。在工艺放大和商业化生产中所获得的知识有助于进一步制定控制策略。应用统计分析对保证和推进产品质量很重要,而不是阻止持续改进,也不是阻止应用上市后学习和经验来保证高质量产品和一致的工艺。FDA 要求生产商合理应用统计学工具,确保产品和工艺持续可重复地满足药品质量标准。在实现期望的成品性质方面,药品质量标准必须有意义。这些数据可以识别出需要改进生产的时机,从而可以促成基于科学和风险的质量风险管理。

     二、常见缺陷         

FDA警告信: 

Mylan Laboratories Limited 8/6/15

Environmental Monitoring,For example, you did not utilize environmental monitoring data to identify environmental control issues and identify appropriate follow-up actions. There were repeated out-of-action-level (OAL) results from microbial testing, but you did not examine the data for trends or take appropriate follow-up action.

没有使用环境监测数据来确定环境控制问题并确定适当的跟进措施。微生物测试结果多次超过行动限,但是你们没有检查数据趋势和采取跟进措施

FDA警告信:

Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 8/5/16

Your firm failed to maintain written records so that data therein could be used for evaluating, at least annually, the quality standards of each drug product to determine the need for changes in drug product specifications or manufacturing or control procedures (21 CFR 211.180(e)).

未能维持书面记录使里面的数据可以至少每年一次评价每个药品的质量来决定药品规范、生产或控制程序变更的需求


You failed to analyze product and process data for commercial batches of Minivelle to identify adverse trends. Our review of the stability summary data for the 15 lots of Minivelle produced in 2014 identified quality attributes that are inconsistent with the specifications in your approved new drug application for Minivelle (NDA 203752).

未能分析商业批次的产品和工艺数据来确定不良趋势,我们审阅了2014年生产的15批产品的稳定性汇总数据发现质量属性与所批准的新药申请的规范不一致。


FDA警告信:

SmithKline Beecham Limited 6/30/16

From April 20, 2014, to February 17, 2015, you investigated at least 25 breaches of the alert level ((b)(4)colony forming units) or action level ((b)(4)colony forming units) for microbial contamination in your water system loopsin Building(b)(4). You used water produced from this system to manufacture(b)(4)API. Of note, you identifiedBurkholderia cepacia, a waterborne organism known to contribute to biofilm formation in water systems, in several of your alert-level and action-level investigations.

从2014年4月20日起,到2015年2月17日,你们调查了至少25个厂房(b)(4)的循环水系统超警戒限((b)(4)CFU)或超行动限((b)(4)CFU)的微生物污染。你用了这个系统制造的水生产API(b)(4)。值得注意的是,在你们的很多超警戒、超行动限调查中,你们鉴定了洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,一种已知会在水系统中形成生物膜的微生物

 

Your investigations failed to adequately establish root causes. In 16 of the 25 investigations, you concluded that the root cause was sampling error but had no supporting evidence. You did not determine a root cause in the remaining nine investigations. Our inspection also found that you were not sanitizing the(b)(4)water system loops(b)(4), as required in your procedurePAA219 Operation & Maintenance for(b)(4)Plant(b)(4)Water System.

你的调查未能充分确定根本原因。在25份调查的16份中,你归结根本原因为取样失误,但没有证据支持。在其余的9份调查中,你们没有确定根本原因。我们的检查还发现,你们没有按照你们的规程PAA219 (b)(4)车间(b)(4)水系统运行&维护规程消毒(b)(4)循环水系统。


In your response, you acknowledged that your(b)(4)water system investigations were not robust. However, you made no commitment to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the breaches and overall adverse trends.

在你们的回复中,你们承认你们的(b)(4)水系统的调查是不健全的。然而,你们并没有承诺全面调查超标和整体不良趋势


安徽省药化生产日常监督检查信息通告

(2016年8月)

上海华源安徽锦辉制药有限公司

2015年度丹参滴注液产品质量回顾报告中,不同批次丹参药材总灰分、醇溶性浸出物、水溶性浸出物、原儿茶醛含量等数据虽然都在纠偏限内,但批间差异很大报告未分析其可能对成品质量的影响,不能起到指导将来提高该产品质量的作用。


目前483缺陷表和现场检查报告EIR中的缺陷

2015年9月由FDA资深官员(GRACE MCNALLY)主持的会议中总结了目前在483缺陷表和现场检查报告EIR中的缺陷


Although OOS results had been found in 2 out of 4 PPQ batches, reduced IPC tests have been recommended in the PPQ report giving the justification that this was a standard procedure. Regarding this point, the FDA criticises the lack of scientific rationales for reduced sampling and monitoring. Interestingly, Grace McNally mentions possibilities for rationales of IPC sampling plans and the adaptation to a reduced size. In this context, she refers to the ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 norm and ISO 2859 whereby it is expressly pointed out that the ANSI norm recommends the production of at least 10 successful batches before reducing testing. According to the ISO norm even 15 successful batches are necessary.
尽管在4个PPQ批中发现了2个OOS结果,在PPQ报告中还是建议减少IPC测试,论证说这是一个标准程序。关于此点,FDA批评说这样减少取样和监测是缺陷科学合理性的。有意思的是,GRACE MCNALLY提到IPC取样方案合理性,和减少样品量的合理性的可能性。在此,她引用了ANSI/ASQ Z1.4标准和ISO2859,指出ANSI标准建议在减少测试之前至少生产10个成功批次。如果根据ISO标准就需要有15个成功的批次

The FDA notified a tablet process, criticising the fact that no rationales for warning and action limits were available. Furthermore, it has been criticised that no analyses on variabilities were available although they had been required internally and no capacity indices had been determined. There have been no analyses on the distribution of data, neither planned nor performed. The FDA also remarked that the calculation of variabilities is necessary to be able to make statements about process capacities.
FDA报告了一个片剂工艺,批评其警戒限和行动限没有合理性。另外,还批评其没有对变量进行分析,虽然内部有这个要求,并且也没有确定产能指标。没有制订计划或实施对数据分布情况的分析。FDA还说需要进行变更计算从而能够说明工艺能力。


一些指南和官员的观点

FDA  CDER的工艺和设施办公室的(DPF)DANIEL PENG博士给出了他在使用SPC方面的观点,题为“使用控制图来评估工艺动性”。他从控制图的历史以及其应用领域开始讲起。进一步考虑了更为重要的规则,用于创建和管理控制图,包括控制图类型、根据西部电子规则制订的取样和评估规则。

他使用了一个控制图的例子来总结其发言,用于评估批间和批内变动性,以及现场性能监测


常用统计学工具


未完待续...

 

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