有关气管插管拔管的最佳证据是什么? 气管插管拔管是移除机械通气的最后阶段。不必要的延迟拔管可能会增加呼吸机相关性肺炎的风险,延长住院时间,并且增加死亡率。另一方面,拔管失败(发生率约20%)也可能会延长住院时间,增加费用,实施气管切开,进行长期急症护理,甚至增加死亡率1。
本证据总结基于系统检索循证卫生保健数据库。证据来源于: ·四项前瞻性队列研究1,2,3,6。 ·两项随机对照研究4,11。 ·五篇系统评价5,7,8,9,10。 ·一篇纳入12项随机对照研究的系统评价12。 ·一项实验性研究13。 · 拔管前应评估患者保护气道和气道通畅的能力,为拔管做准备。评估内容包括咳嗽、意识水平、分泌物量和气囊漏气试验。(Grade B) · 对于咳嗽强度较弱,并且格拉斯哥评分<8分的患者,或者吸痰频率高于2小时/次至3小时/次的患者,应延迟拔管。(Grade B) · 对于气囊漏气试验阳性的患者,或者存在一个或多个喉头水肿危险因素的患者,应延迟拔管。推荐患者进行短期糖皮质激素治疗,不推荐进行单剂量糖皮质激素治疗或不接受治疗。(Grade A) · 对于存在喉头水肿的危险因素,但是气囊漏气试验阴性的患者,应根据具体情况进行拔管。(Grade B) · 拔管后需要密切监测患者。早期的积极管理能够避免重新插管,包括吸痰、支气管扩张剂治疗、利尿、无创正压通气。(Grade B) 本证据来自于国外循证资源,在应用该证据时,应考虑具体的临床情境、专业判断和患者意愿,做出本土化决策。 1. Salam A, Tilluckdharry L, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA. Neurologic status, cough, secretions and extubation outcomes. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Jul;30(7):1334-9. (Level 2) 2. Khamiees M, Raju P, DeGirolamo A, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA. Predictors of extubation outcome in patients who have successfully completed a spontaneous breathing trial. Chest. 2001;120(4):1262-70. (Level 2) 3. Beuret P, Roux C, Auclair A, Nourdine K, Kaaki M, Carton MJ. Interest of an objective evaluation of cough during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jun;35(6):1090-3. (Level 2) 4. François B, Bellissant E, Gissot V, Desachy A, Normand S, Boulain T, et al; Association des Réanimateurs du Centre-Ouest (ARCO). 12-h pretreatment with methylprednisolone versus placebo for prevention of postextubation laryngeal oedema: a randomized double-blind trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1083-9. (Level 1) 5. Ochoa ME, Marín Mdel C, Frutos-Vivar F, Gordo F, Latour-Pérez J, Calvo E, et al.Cuff-leak test for the diagnosis of upper airway obstruction in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(7):1171-9. (Level 1) 6. Ding LW, Wang HC, Wu HD, Chang CJ, Yang PC. Laryngeal ultrasound: a useful method in predicting post-extubation stridor. A pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2006 Feb;27(2):384-9. (Level 2) 7. Khemani RG, Randolph A, Markovitz B. Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 3. (Level 1) 8. Fan T, Wang G, Mao B, Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, et al. Prophylactic administration of parenteral steroids for preventing airway complications after extubation in adults: meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2008 Oct 20;337:a1841. (Level 1) 9. Jaber S, Jung B, Chanques G, Bonnet F, Marret E. Effects of steroids on reintubation and post-extubation stridor in adults: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Crit Care. 2009;13(2):R49. (Level 1) 10. McCaffrey J, Farrell C, Whiting P, Dan A, Bagshaw SM, Delaney AP. Corticosteroids to prevent extubation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jun;35(6):977-86. (Level 1) 11. Ferrer M, Sellarés J, Valencia M, Carrillo A, Gonzalez G, Badia JR, Nicolas JM, Torres A. Non-invasive ventilation after extubation in hypercapnic patients with chronic respiratory disorders: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Sep 26;374(9695):1082-8. (Level 1) 12. Burns KEA, Adhikari NKJ, Keenan SP, Meade MO. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8. (Level 1) 13. Shimizu T, Mizutani T, Yamahita S, Hagiya K, Tanaka M. Endotracheal Tube Extubation Force: Adhesive Tape Versus Endotracheal Tube Holder. Res Care. 2011 Nov; 56 (11). (Level 3) 关注复旦大学循证护理中心公众号
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