神话 mythology 历史 history 艺术 art 橄榄 olives 橄榄油 olive oil 葡萄酒 wine 大剧场 theater 奥林匹克运动会 Olympic games 民主 democracy 雕塑 sculpture 卫城 acropolis 帕特农神殿 Parthenon temple …… 1 希腊共和国基本信息 Basic knowledge about the Republic Greece 1, 希腊位于欧洲南部，全国总人口为一千一百万。首都雅典。 Greece is located in southern Europe. Its total population is 11 million. The capital is Athens. 2，克里特岛是希腊最大的岛，位于希腊最南部。 Crete is the largest island in Greece, located in the southernmost part of Greece. 3，希腊拥有2000多座岛屿，而有人居住的有170座。 Greece has over 2,000 islands and only 170 of them are populated. 4，希腊是世界上日照最多的国家之一，每年有250个晴天。 Greece is considered to be one of the sunniest countries in the World, with over 250 sunny days each year. 5，希腊拥有一亿两千万颗橄榄树，其中有仍然能结出果实的800年老树。 There are over 120 million olive trees in Greece; some of them are from the 13th century and still producing olives. 6，希腊是拥有考古遗址博物馆最多的国家。 Greece is the country with the most archaeological museums. 7，雅典卫城是雅典娜女神的崇拜圣地。 Acropolis is the sanctuary of goddess Athena. 8，奥林匹斯山是希腊最高的山，海拔2918米。希腊神话中的十二大神就住在那里。 The highest point in Greece, Mount Olympus,2918 meters above sea level,was considered to be home of the Gods. 9，伊索寓言是古希腊人伊索的动物寓言故事集，约公元前600年。 Aesop’s fables are famous stories about animals that talk, around 600 B.C 10，荷马史诗是传说中盲人诗人荷马创作的英雄史诗，《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。 Homer's epic is from the legendary blind poet Homer, The Iliad and The Odyssey. 11，英语单词中有六千多个来自希腊语。如数学，学院，字母，哲学，地理等等。 There are thousands of English words that came from Greek language, words like marathon, academy, alphabet, philosophy, geography and many others. 12，希腊语有24个字母，第一个字母是Αα，最后一个字母是Ωω。 Greek has 24 letters, the first letter is Α α, and the last letter is Ω ω. 13，欧洲（Europe）大陆的名称是以希腊神话中的公主欧罗巴的名字命名的。 Europe is named after the princess Europa of Greek mythology. 14，未经审视的人生不值得度过。—— 苏格拉底 Unexamined life is not worth living.—— Socrates 15，希腊人能歌善舞。 Greeks love to sing and to dance. 2 希腊在哪？ Where is Greece? 来看一张古希腊地图吧！ Look at a map of ancient Greece  爱琴海 Aegean Sea 地中海 Mediterranean Sea 基克拉底群岛 Cyclades 克里特岛 Crete 小亚西亚Asia Minor 黑海 Black Sea 奥林匹斯山 Olympus 雅典 Athens 斯巴达 Sparta 科林斯 Corinth 德尔斐 Delphi 奥林匹亚 Olympia 马其顿 Macedonia 特洛伊 Troy 迈锡尼 Mycenae 伯罗奔尼撒半岛 Peloponnese 3 希腊对现代社会的影响与贡献 Greek Influences and Contributions to Today's Society  民主 Democracy AB字母 The Alphabet 图书馆 The Library 奥运会 The Olympics 科学和数学 Science and Mathematics 建筑 Architecture 神话 Mythology 灯塔 The Lighthouse 标准化医学 Standardized Medicine 陪审团审判 Trial by Jury 戏剧 The Theater 4 什么是黑暗时期？ What is the Dark Ages? 希腊从公元前1100年到前800年被描述为黑暗时期，因为我们对这一时期发生的事情知之甚少，尽管新的考古发掘揭示了更多的东西。 这一时期，希腊人书写技能丧失殆尽，所以没有任何文献记录，而且其他文明国家的人、如埃及人也很少提及希腊人。 The period in Greece from 1100 to 800BC is sometimes described as the Dark Ages, as we know very little about what was happening - although new excavations are starting to reveal more. The Greeks lost the art of writing, so they left no written records, and foreigners, such as the Egyptians, hardly mention them either. 5 希腊的衰落 GREECE IN DECLINE 黑暗时期开始，希腊人口大幅下降。这很可能是由于迈锡尼时代末期该地区广泛的饥荒和战争袭击所致。 宫殿被毁坏了，整个生活方式也崩溃了。旧式的金属和陶器制品都消失了，湿壁画和宝石切割等技艺也被遗忘了。 By the beginning of Dark Age period, the population in Greece had fallen hugely. This was most probably due to the widespread famine and warfare that hit the region at the end of the Mycenaean period. The palaces were destroyed, and a whole way of life crumbled with them. Old styles of metalwork and pottery died out, and skills such as fresco-painting and gem-cutting were forgotten. 6 日常生活 DAILY LIFE 大多数人都非常贫穷，可能他们种出来的庄稼仅将将够吃。他们住在用泥砖砌成的规格很小的屋子里，屋顶是茅草搭建的。这些材料不会经久耐用，因此这一时期的建筑物很少有保存下来的。 Most people were very poor and probably grew just enough to eat. They would have lived in small huts made of mud brick, with thatched roofs. As these materials do not last long, few buildings from this period have survived. 7 什么是古风时期？ What is Archaic period? 公元前800年后的某个时候，希腊文化显现出明显的复兴迹象。这个新时代被称为古风时期，它一直持续到公元前500年左右。这一时期希腊人口增长，与其他地区的联系越来越多。希腊艺术制造得到极大的改善，书写技能得到重新的发现和发展。 Sometime after 800BC, Greek culture was showing marked signs of revival. This new era, which lasted until around 500BC, is known as the Archaic Period. The Greek population grew and there was increasing contact with other lands. Greek art improved and the skill of writings rediscovered and developed. 8 最早的殖民地 THE FIRST COLONIES 随着状况好转，人口不断增加，贸易百废俱兴。一群一群的希腊人开始离开希腊大陆，在海外建立新的城池，也许这是为了去建立新的贸易站点。 这些希腊人定居的地区就叫殖民地，而且很快就成长为独立的城邦。首当其冲的是爱奥尼亚地区，它位于小亚细亚（现在的土耳其西海岸）。后来，有许多人都在地中海周围地区定居，从法国到黑海都有。殖民地经常建在有天然港口和良好农田的地方，当地人也都很友好。 As things began to recover, the population started to increase and trade resumed. Groups of people began leaving the Greek mainland to found new cities overseas, perhaps to build up new trading posts. The areas where these people settled, known as colonies, soon grew into independent city states. The first of these, Ionia, was on the west coast of Asia Minor (now Turkey). Later groups settled all around the Mediterranean, from France to the Black Sea. The colonies were often in places with a natural port and good farmland, where the locals were friendly. 9 希腊城邦 Greek City-states 古风时期，希腊大陆由许多小城邦国组成，在政治上彼此独立。 希腊语“城邦”这个词是polis – 它就是“政治” politics一词的词源。 虽然这些城邦国彼此之间往往是竞争对手，有时甚至相互发生战争，但他们拥有相同的希腊身份 —— 共同的语言、文化和宗教，这些因素在他们之间建立了密不可分的联系。 By the Archaic Period, mainland Greece was made up of a cluster of small city states, politically independent from each other. The word the Greeks used for a city-state was polis - which is the origin of the word “politics”. Although these states were often rivals, and sometimes fought wars against each other, they shared the same Greek identity - a common language, culture and religion – which created strong links between them. 10 城邦是什么样的？ WHAT WAS THE CITY-STATE LIKE? 希腊人喜欢保持小规模政体，即使是在最大的城邦雅典，也只有几千名公民。每个城邦都是由一个城墙围绕的城区及周围的乡村组成。城墙内陆势较高的地方称为卫城，城外还有一个用于市场交易和市政管理的开放区域，称为集市（Agora）。 The Greeks liked to keep their political units fairly small even the largest city- state, Athens, had no more than a few thousand citizens. Each polis consisted of a single city, enclosed by walls, and its surrounding countryside. Inside the walls was an area of high ground, called an acropolis, and an open area, called an agora, which was used for markets and meetings. 11 谁来统治城邦？ WHO RULED? 古风时期开始时，大多数希腊城邦都是由富裕的土地所有者统治的，他们是贵族阶层， 这种统治机构被称为贵族统治，词义是“由重要人士统治”。通常来说，他们中如果有人不受欢迎了，贵族们就会选出另一个受人尊敬的重要人物来替代，这种做法被称为寡头政治，意思是“少数人的统治”。 随着贸易活动的增加，中产阶级商人和工匠开始增多，他们憎恨贵族阶层，并要求在政治中拥有一席之地，而这经常导致不同社会阶层群体之间的暴乱。 At the beginning of the Archaic period, most Greek states were governed by groups of rich landowners, called aristocrats. This kind of government is known as an aristocracy, which means “rule by the important people”. Sometimes, if they were unpopular, the aristocrats chose respected, important men to rule instead. This is called an oligarchy, which means “rule by the few”. As trading activities increased, a middle class of merchants and craftsmen began to prosper. They resented the aristocracy and demanded a role in politics. This often led to riots between different social groups. 12 著名城邦 Famous ancient city states  斯巴达 Sparta 雅典 Athens 科林斯 Corinth 底比斯 Thebes 提洛岛 Delos 罗德岛 Rhodes 以弗所 Ephesus 阿尔戈斯 Argos 萨摩斯岛 Samos 米提利尼 Mytilene 13 希腊神话 Greek myths 奥林匹斯12大神 12 Olympian Gods and Goddess 1, 阿芙洛蒂忒 Aphrodite 阿芙洛蒂忒是爱与美之女神，她是从大海中诞生的。因为她长得特别漂亮，所以有很多爱慕者，其中之一就是战神阿瑞斯，他们生了小爱神厄洛斯（罗马神话中的丘比特）。阿芙洛蒂忒的丈夫是阿瑞斯的哥哥——火神赫淮斯托斯。她的标志是玫瑰花、 鸽子、麻雀、公羊和海豚。 Aphrodite is the goddess of Love and Beauty. She was born in the sea. She had many admirers because of her great beauty. One of them was Ares, with whom she gave birth to Eros, the god of love (Cupid in Roman mythology). Her husband was Hephaestus, the god of fire. He is the brother of Ares. Her symbols were roses, doves, sparrows, dolphins and rams.   阿芙洛蒂忒是爱与美之女神，罗马神话中的维纳斯，角色：爱、美与和平。标志：红玫瑰、心形、鸽子和魔幻腰带。 2, 阿瑞斯 Ares 阿瑞斯是战神，是宙斯与赫拉的儿子，他脾气暴躁，总爱挑起战争。 他很强壮而英俊，是一位战争专家，但也是嫉妒心强的情人。他曾经在雅典的亚略巴古山上因谋杀罪而受审，这座小山后来成为古代雅典的法庭，并以他的名字命名。他的标志是燃烧着的火炬、长矛、狗。 Ares is the god of war, the son of Zeus and Hera. He has a violent temper and was always picking fights. He was strong and handsome, and an expert of war but jealous lover. He once had to stand trial for murder in Athens, on the hill of the Areopagus, which was named after him. His symbols were a burning torch, a spear and dogs.  阿瑞斯的标志是：火炬、矛、狗（有时是狗头）、秃鹰、野猪头是他的力量象征，蛇和头盔 3 阿波罗 Apollo 阿波罗是太阳神和音乐神，是阿耳忒弥斯的弟弟作为德尔斐的保护神，他是可以在德尔斐神谕所发布神谕的预言神。他的标志是弓和箭，里拉琴，月桂树枝。 Apollo is the god of sun and music. He was the twin brother of Artemis. As the patron of Delphi, he is an oracular god - the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. His symbols were bow and arrows, the lyre, branch of Laurel.   阿波罗的标志：太阳、里拉琴（乐器）、弓箭和马车 4 阿耳忒弥斯 Artemis 阿耳忒弥斯是月亮女神和狩猎女神。 她从未结婚，非常独立，在复仇时可能是非常无情的。 她保护年轻女孩和孕妇，也是野生动物的情人。 她的标志是柏树、鹿和狗。 Artemis was the moon goddess and huntress. She never married, was fiercely independent and could be merciless in her vengeance. She protected young girls and pregnant women and was the mistress of wild animals. Her symbols were cypress trees, deers and dogs.   阿耳忒弥斯，罗马神话称为戴阿纳。 角色：月亮神、狩猎女神、森林精灵保护神和少女保护神 标志：鹿、半月、弓和箭 5 雅典娜 Athena 雅典娜是宙斯把女泰坦墨提斯变成一只苍蝇吞下后，从宙斯的头上出生的。雅典娜是智慧女神和女战神，她也是雅典的守护神。她很少发脾气，但如果把她激怒了，她就会致命。 她的象征是猫头鹰和橄榄树。 Athena was born from the head of Zeus after he swallowed the Titaness Metis in the form of a fly. Athena was the goddess of wisdom and war and the patron goddess of Athens. She rarely lost her temper, but if angered she could be deadly. Her symbols were the owl and the olive tree. 6 德墨忒耳 Demeter 德墨忒耳是大地女神、植物和收获女神。她的女儿珀尔塞福帮助她。但当珀耳塞福涅被冥王普路斯绑架成为他的妻子时，德墨忒耳去寻找她。她的象征是一捆小麦或大麦。 Demeter was the goddess of the earth, plants and harvests. She was helped by her daughter Persephone, but when Persephone was kidnapped by Pluto to be his wife, Demeter abandoned her duties to go in search of her. Her symbol was a sheaf of wheat or barley. 左边是德墨忒耳，大地女神和生育女神，她在给年轻的王子特里普托勒摩斯（Triptolemos）玉米，他将把农业知识传授给人类。 右边矗立着手持火炬的珀尔塞福，她从地下世界回来，象征使农作物生机勃勃的季节变化。 To the left Demeter, goddess of the earth and fertility, is shown giving corn to the young Triptolemos, who will pass on the knowledge of agriculture to humankind. On the right stands Persephone with her torch, who having returned from the underworld symbolizes the turning of the seasons that enables agriculture to flourish. 7 宙斯 Zeus 宙斯是众神之神，与他的妹妹赫拉结婚。 他有两个儿子和两个女儿：阿瑞斯，赫淮斯托斯，厄里斯（纠纷女神）和赫柏（青春女神）。 但他与赫拉的关系非常具有爆炸性。 这是因为他与凡人（人）女人有许多恋情，以许多不同的伪装出现在他们身上 - 如公牛，天鹅或金色淋浴。 他的象征是霹雳，鹰和橡树。 Zeus, the ruler of gods, was married to his sister, Hera. He had two sons and two daughters by her: Ares, Hephestus, Eris and Hebe. But his relationship with Hera was very explosive. This was because he had many love affair with mortal (human) women, appearing to them in many different disguises - as a bull, a swan, or a shower of gold. His symbols were the thunderbolt, the eagle and the oak tree. 8 赫拉 Hera 赫拉是克罗诺斯（天空神）和瑞亚（大地女神）的女儿，也是宙斯的姐妹和妻子。作为妇女和婚姻的保护者，她很骄傲，同时也嫉妒心很强。她大部分时间都在追逐她丈夫的许多情人，并以巧妙和残酷的方式对她们进行惩罚。 赫拉的标志是孔雀和石榴。 Hera was the daughter of Cronos and Rhea, and the sister and wife of Zeus. As the protector of women and marriage, she was proud and jealous, and spent much of her time chasing her husband's many lovers and punishing them in ingenious and cruel ways. Hera's symbol was the peacock and pomegranate. 9 赫淮斯托斯 Hephestus 赫淮斯托斯是工匠的守护神，他很勤劳，善于制造和做善事，但生活对他来说不尽人意。 小时候，他就被脾气暴躁的母亲赫拉从奥林匹斯山上扔了出去，他从此就成了瘸子。阿芙罗狄蒂违背自己的意愿被迫嫁给他，这使他不断地遭受妻子的不忠之苦。 Hephestus is the patron of craftsmen, was hard-working, skilled at making things and kind, but life was unkind to him. As a child he was crippled after being thrown from Olympus by his bad-tempered mother Hera. Aphrodite was forced to marry him against her will and he suffered ever after from her constant infidelities. 10 波塞冬 Poseidon Poseidon was the brother of Zeus and Hera, and King of the Oceans. He lived in an underwater palace, rode a gold chariot with white horses, and controlled storms, sea monsters and earthquakes. His symbols were a trident, dolphins and horses. 波塞冬是宙斯和赫拉的兄弟，是海洋之主宰。 他住在水下宫殿里，驾着一辆白马金色战车。他控制着风暴、海怪和地震。他的标志是三叉戟、海豚和马匹。 11 赫斯提亚 Hestia 赫斯提亚是女灶神，也是家庭住所的保护神，因此她很受欢迎。每个家庭都有一个供奉她的神龛。 她安静温和，从不卷入奥林匹斯山上不断爆发的争风吃醋。 她最终放弃了她在奥林匹斯山上位置，由酒神狄俄尼索斯取而代之。 Hestia is the goddess of the Hearth. She was very popular, as she protected people’s homes. Every family had a shrine dedicated to her. She was quiet and gentle and did not get involved in the jealous quarrels that blew up all the time on Mount Olympus. She eventually gave up her place on Olympus to Dionysus. 12狄奥尼索斯Dionysus 狄俄尼索斯是从宙斯的大腿中出生的。 怎么回事？他是酒神和戏剧之神。 他游走世界各地，教人们如何用葡萄酿造出葡萄酒。 他过着狂野而快乐的生活，身边总有一大群狂热的追随者，其中男性叫萨堤尔，女性叫迈那得斯。 Dionysus was born from the thigh of Zeus. How come? He was the god of wine and plays. He journeyed around the world, teaching people how to make wine from grapes. He led a wild, pleasure –filled life, attended by fanatical followers, male creatures called Satyr, female called Maenads. 14 其他著名希腊神话 Other famous Greek myths 13 普路托 Pluto 冥王普路托是宙斯和波塞冬的兄弟，也是地下世界的主宰。希腊神话中他叫哈得斯（希腊语：ᾍδης） 他驾驶的是黑马战车，小心翼翼地守着死人。冥王非常富有，拥有大地中的所有宝石和金属。大地女神德墨忒耳的女儿珀尔塞福涅是他的妻子。 Pluto was the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, and King of underworld. He drove a chariot with black horses and guarded the soul of dead people. Pluto was extremely rich, as he owned all the precious stones and metals inside the Earth. Persephone, the daughter of Demeter, was his wife. 14 美丽的海伦 The beautiful Helen The beautiful Helen, was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She was married to King Menelaus of Sparta but was abducted by Prince Paris of Troy after the goddess Aphrodite promised her to him in the 'Judgement of Paris'. 美丽的海伦据说是世界上最美丽的女人，与斯巴达国王墨涅劳斯结婚，但是她被特洛伊王子帕瑞斯诱拐了，这是阿佛洛狄忒女神在“帕瑞斯的审判”中向他作出许诺之后发生的。 海伦与墨涅劳斯，阿提卡黑绘陶瓶，约公元前550年。 Helen and Menelaus. Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 550 BCE. 15 潘神 Pan 潘神是半人半羊神。他是森林之神，通常用山羊腿和角、手持排箫来描绘。作为一个乡村神，供奉潘神不是在神殿中，而是在天然的洞穴里。他看起来很狂野。英语“恐慌”（panic）这个词来源于潘神的名字。 Pan is a half-human, half-goat deity. He was a nature god of forest, and usually depicted with the legs of a goat, horns and carrying a pan-pipe. Being a rustic god, Pan was not worshipped in temples but in natural caves. He looks very wild. The word panic derives from the god of Pan. 阿芙洛蒂忒、潘神、小爱神厄洛斯。 Aphrodite, Pan and Eros. 16珀耳塞福涅 Persephone 珀尔塞福涅是宙斯和得墨忒耳的女儿，她帮助母亲收获庄稼。 她被冥王绑架，成了冥界的女后，但是她非常不开心。 作为讨价还价的结果：她一年中有三个季节（春夏秋），与她的母亲在一起，一个季节（冬）与冥王相伴。 珀尔塞福涅的标志是石榴。 Persephone is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and helped her mother with harvest. She was kidnapped by Pluto to be Queen of the Underworld, but she was very unhappy. So a bargain was struck: she spent three seasons of the year with her mother (spring, summer and autumn), and one season with Pluto (winter). Persephone's symbol was the pomegranate. 15 母女俩 Mother and daughter 17 潘多拉的盒子 Pandora’s Box 宙斯创造了潘多拉，作为世界上的第一位女性给普罗米修斯做妻子。他要求赫淮斯托斯用泥土塑造她的形象，然后为她注入生命。他给了她一个漂亮的盒子，却禁止她打开。 但有一天，她的好奇心战胜了她，她打开了盖子。 随着可怕的哗哗声，从盒子里飞出了世界上所有的罪孽恶行、生老病死。最后飞出来是希望。它意味着，尽管有许多恐怖的事情，人们还是不应该绝望。 Zeus created Pandora, the first woman of the world, as a wife for Prometheus. He asked Hephaestus to shape her out of clay, and then breathed life into her. He gave her a beautiful box, which he forbade her to open. But one day her curiosity overcame her, and she opened the lid. With a terrible rushing sound, out of the box flew all the evils of the world – sin, sickness, age and death. Finally, one last thing flew out. It was Hope, and it meant that despite these horrors, people should not despair. 18 普罗米修斯 Prometheus 普罗米修斯使天神宙斯很烦恼，因为他把神界的秘密教给了人类。他告诉人们如何种植庄稼，如何驯服马匹，还有如何将植物做成药物。当他向人类介绍如何使用火这个秘密时，宙斯非常愤怒，于是就设计了一个非常可怕的惩罚办法。 普罗米修斯被锁绑在高加索山的一块岩石上，每天都有一只秃鹫来叼食他的肝脏。 而每天晚上，肝部都会长好。多年的折磨之后，普罗米修斯终于被赫拉克勒斯救了出来。 Prometheus upset Zeus, the king of the gods, by teaching the gods’ secrets to humans. He showed them how to grow crops, tame horses and use plants as medicines. When he gave humans the secret of fire, Zeus was furious and devised a terrible punishment. Prometheus was chained to a rock on Mount Caucasus, and every day a vulture came and tore out his liver. Every night, it grew back. After many years of this torture, Prometheus was finally rescued by Heracles. 19 阿波罗与达夫妮 Apollo and Daphne 阿波罗爱上了美丽的达芙妮，但是达夫妮根本不想得到阿波罗的爱。她跑去向大地女神祈祷来拯救她。当阿波罗即将抓住她的时候，她的祈祷得到了回应，大地女神把她变成了一棵月桂树。从那以后，阿波罗就总戴着月桂花环，这是为了纪念达夫妮。 Apollo fell in love with a beautiful Daphne. But she didn't want his attention, and she ran away praying to Mother Earth to save her. Just as Apollo was about to catch her, her prayers were answered and she was turned into a laurel tree. From then on, Apollo wore a wreath of laurel leaves in her memory. 20 忒修斯与米诺怪牛 Theseus and the Minotaur 忒修斯是雅典国王爱琴（Aegeus）的儿子。雅典人每年被迫将十四名童男童女送到克里特岛，给那里的米诺怪牛作食物，这头怪牛住在由代达罗斯建造的迷宫之中。忒修斯决定乘船前往克里特岛杀死这头怪牛。他告诉父亲，如果他成功的话，他会把船换上白帆返航回家。假若回来时是黑帆，那么国王爱琴就会马上知道忒修斯死了。 在克里特岛，米诺斯国王的女儿阿里阿德纳爱上了忒修斯。她给了他一把剑来杀死怪牛，还给了他一个线团，忒修斯将线团的一头绑在迷宫的入口，这样就帮助他找到出口。他找到了怪牛，将其杀死并逃脱。 然后他和阿里阿德纳及雅典人一行从克里特岛逃离。在返回雅典的途中，他们在纳克索斯岛停留。这时，忒修斯对阿里阿德涅感到厌倦了。一天晚上，当她沉睡时，忒休斯独自启航。众神惩罚他的怯懦，故意让他忘记换白风帆。当老国王爱琴看到了远处的黑帆船，相信他的儿子已经死了，于是就跳海自尽了。这片海域现在被称为爱琴海。 Theseus was the son of King Aegeus of Athens. Once a year the Athenians were forced to send fourteen young men and women to Crete as food for the Minotaur, a monster which lived in a maze called the Labyrinth, built by Daedalus. Theseus decided to sail to Crete with the victims to kill the Minotaur. He told his father that when he came home he would put white sails on his ship if he had been successful. If the ship had its usual black sails, Aegeus would know Theseus was dead. In Crete, King Minos's daughter Ariadne fell in love with Theseus. She gave him a sword to kill the Minotaur and a ball of thread, which Theseus tied to the entrance of the Labyrinth to help him find his way out. He found the Minotaur, killed it and escaped. Then he, Ariadne and the other Athenians fled from Crete On the way back to Athens, they stopped at the island of Naxos. By now Theseus was bored of Ariadne and one night, when she was asleep, he set sail without her. The gods punished him for his cowardice by making him forget to hoist his white sails. Aegeus saw the black sails and, believing his son was dead, threw himself off a cliff. The sea where he died is now called the Aegean Sea. 21 赫拉克勒斯 Heracles 赫拉克勒斯是最受欢迎的希腊神话英雄。 他是宙斯的儿子，母亲是叫阿莱梅恩（Alcmene）。宙斯的妻子赫拉非常嫉妒她，于是就试图杀死赫拉克勒斯。 当赫拉克勒斯还是个婴儿的时候，她就派了两条致命的蟒蛇来到他的摇篮里咬他。而小赫拉克勒斯赤手空拳扼杀了蟒蛇，这让每个人都感到惊讶。 赫拉克勒斯后与梅加拉结婚，因力大无比且勇猛顽强而闻名。 这时赫拉开始嫉妒他的幸福家庭，于是使坏让他在疯狂中杀死了自己的妻子和孩子。当他事后看到自己所做的事情时，感到非常震惊，他并向德尔斐神谕所祈求神谕，询问如何弥补损失。 他被告知自己是梯林斯国王欧律斯透斯（Eurystheus）的奴隶，要完成他交给赫拉克勒斯的十二个“不可能”的任务（被称为赫拉克勒斯十二伟业），包括杀死怪物和寻找稀有物品等。 如他能够做到这一切，将能洗清他的罪孽。 在众神的帮助下，赫拉克勒斯成功完成了十二项任务，并获得永生。 Heracles was the Greeks' most popular hero. He was the son of Zeus and a human named Alcmene, Zeus' wife Hera was jealous of Alemene and so she tried to kill Heracles. When he was still a baby, she sent two deadly serpents to bite him in his cradle. But he amazed everyone by strangling the serpents with his bare hands. Heracles married Megara, and became famous for his great strength and courage. But Hera was jealous of his happiness and drove him insane, so that he killed his wife and children. When he saw what he had done, he was horrified and asked the Oracle at Delphi how he could make amends. He was told to offer himself as a slave to King Eurystheus of Tyrins, who gave Heracles twelve 'impossible' tasks (known as the Twelve Labours of Heracles) involving killing monsters and finding rare objects. If he was able do them all he would be cleansed of his guilt. With the help of the gods, Heracles succeeded and became immortal. 22 俄狄浦斯 Oedipus 俄狄浦斯是底比斯国王莱乌斯和王后乔卡斯塔的儿子。一个神谕预言到，俄狄浦斯会杀死他的父亲并娶他的母亲，于是婴儿俄狄浦斯就被抛弃在山上等死。 一位牧羊人发现了他，并将他带到科林斯，让科林斯国王和王后领养他。 多年以后，俄狄浦斯听到了这个神谕预言，就逃离了科林斯，因为他以为科林斯的国王和王后就是他真正的父母。 在前往底比斯的途中，他与一个陌生人争斗并杀死了他，他没有意识到这才是他真正的父亲莱乌斯。 然后，在破解了一条谜语并击败了那个斯芬克斯怪物（狮身人面怪兽）之后，他当上了底比斯国王，并与王后乔卡斯塔——他是真正的母亲结婚。当真相大白时，王后乔卡斯塔羞愧地将自己绞死，俄狄浦斯也戳瞎了自己的眼睛。 他随后逃离了底比斯，并死于阿提卡半岛。 Oedipus was the son of King Laius and Queen Jocasta of Thebes. An oracle predicted that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother, so baby Oedipus was left on a mountain to die. A shepherd found him and took him to Corinth where the king and queen adopted him. Years later, Oedipus heard the oracle's prophecy and ran away from Corinth, believing the king and queen were his real parents. On the way to Thebes, he killed a stranger in a fight, not realizing that it was his real father Laius. Then, after solving a riddle and defeating a monster called the sphinx, he became King of Thebes and married the queen, Jocasta - his real mother. When the truth came out, Jocasta hanged herself in shame and Oedipus blinded himself. He fled from Thebes and died at Attica. 23 帕尔修斯与美杜莎 Perseus and Medusa 珀尔修斯是宙斯的儿子，母亲名叫达娜厄。 美杜莎是戈耳工三姐妹中的一员， 她有着一头蛇发，她的眼光可以把人变成石头。 众神帮助了珀尔修斯。雅典娜给了他一面镜子，所以他不必直接看到美杜莎。 珀尔修斯杀死了她，并割下她的头部，将其献给雅典娜。雅典娜将这个头贴在了她的盾牌中间。 Perseus was the son of Zeus and a woman named Danae. Medusa is one of the three gorgons. She had snakes for hair and her eyes could turn people to stone. But the gods helped Perseus, and Athene gave him a mirror so he wouldn't have to look directly at Medusa. Perseus killed her, cut off her head and gave it to Athene to stick in the middle of her shield. 24 伊阿宋与阿尔戈船 Jason and the Argonauts 伊阿宋是艾欧科斯国国王埃森的儿子，是合法的国王继承人。当伊阿宋长大后，他向霸占王位的叔叔佩利亚斯要回国王宝座。而佩利亚斯说，伊阿宋必须首先取回金羊毛才可以得到王位。这是一种有魔法的公羊毛，挂在阿瑞斯的小树林中，并由一条龙守护着。伊阿宋用了一条叫做阿尔戈斯的船，船上有一群英雄，统称为阿尔戈斯英雄，他们出发去抓金羊毛。 他后来娶了帮助他赢得了羊毛的美女美迪亚。 Jason was the son of Aeson, the rightful King of lolkos, When he grew up throne of Iolkos from Aesons brother Pelias, who had seized it. Pelias said Jason must first fetch the Golden Fleece, a magic ram's fleece which hung in the grove of Ares, guarded by a dragon. Jason took a ship, the Argos, and a band of heroes, the Argonauts, and set off to get the Golden Fleece. He then married Medea, an enchantress, and she helped him win the fleece. 25阿拉克妮编织比赛 The weaving contest 雅典娜是智慧与战争女神，也是手工艺女神。当一位名叫阿拉克妮的公主吹嘘自己是比女神更会织布时，雅典娜非常生气，她向阿拉克妮发起了一场挑战比赛。而当女神发现阿拉克妮真的能尽其所能编织精美的编织物时，她的烦恼就变成了愤怒。 雅典娜一把撕毁了阿拉克妮的编织物，这让阿拉克妮非常害怕，试图上吊自杀。 雅典娜对自己所做的事情感到羞耻，她将阿拉克妮从死亡中拯救了出来，并将她变成了一个蜘蛛。 从那以后，蜘蛛就能编织漂亮的蜘蛛网了。 Athene was the goddess of wisdom and war, and also of handicrafts. When a princess called Arachne boasted that she was an even better weaver than the goddess, Athene was so annoyed that she challenged Arachne to a contest. But her irritation turned to fury when she discovered that Arachne really could weave as beautifully as she could. Athene tore up Arachne's weaving, and Arachne was so frightened that she tried to hang herself. Ashamed of what she had done, Athene saved Arachne from death by turning her into a spider. Ever since, spiders have woven beautiful webs. 26 阿伽门农 Agamemnon 迈锡尼国王阿伽门农是特洛伊战争希腊联军的统帅。阿伽门农在特洛伊时，他的妻子克吕泰涅斯特拉（Clytemnestra）因仇恨她的丈夫为了帮助希腊人赢得战争而牺牲了他们的女儿伊菲革涅亚（Iphigenia），爱上了阿伽门农（Agamemnon）的堂兄加敌人埃癸斯托斯（Aegisthus）。当阿伽门农战后回家时，这对夫妇假装把他作为英雄来欢迎，但后来却谋杀了他。 阿伽门农的儿子俄瑞斯忒斯（Oreste）在他的妹妹厄勒克特拉（Electra）的支持下，杀死他们两人，替父报了仇。但是，因杀死他的亲生母亲，俄瑞斯忒斯犯了一个滔天大罪，他疯掉了。 最后，在受够磨难之后，众神原谅了他，并使他成为迈锡尼国王。 Agamemnon, King of Mycenae, led the Greek armies in the Trojan War. While Agamemnon was at Troy his wife Clytemnestra, who hated her husband for sacrificing their daughter Iphigenia to help the Greeks win the war, fell in love with Aegisthus, Agamemnon's cousin and enemy. When Agamemnon came home, the couple pretended to welcome him asa hero but then murdered him. Agamemnon's son Oreste, supported by his sister Electra, took revenge on the murderers by killing them both. But by killing his mother, Orestes had committed a terrible crime, and he went insane. At last, as he had suffered enough, the gods forgave him and he became the King of Mycenae. 27 奥德赛 THE ODYSSEY 特洛伊战争结束后，希腊联军重要人物之一——伊萨卡国王奥德修斯扬帆返乡。但他的船被狂风吹来吹去了，他在海里徘徊了十年。 他在旅程中遇到了许多怪物，这就是荷马史诗《奥德赛》的主题。 奥德修斯的随从都被杀害了。当他独自回到故乡，发现他的宫殿里到处都是试图强迫他的妻子佩内洛普嫁给他们的求婚王子。奥德修斯在一场巨大的争斗中杀死了这些王子，并重新夺回了他的王国。 After the Trojan War, King Odysseus of Ithaca, one of the Greek leaders, set off for home. But his ships were blown off course and he wandered the seas for ten years. He met many monsters on his journey, or odyssey' - which was the subject of Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey. Odysseus's men were killed, and he arrived home alone, to find his palace full of princes trying to force his wife Penelope to marry them. Odysseus killed the princes in a huge battle and reclaimed his kingdom. 「希腊万人迷」 爱好希腊人士学习希腊历史文化的学园 |
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