Page 1 of 281 Aggacāra Pāḷi Handout for beginner and intermediate level students (Part 1) Version 2, April 2019 This Pāḷi handout is intended to help beginners who are interested to learn some Pāḷi grammar but do not have the time nor ability to study from the normal Pāḷi grammar books. Most importantly, they want to know some Pāḷi grammar to help them understand Pāḷi chanting as they like Pāḷi chanting very much. In this handout, I include different Pāḷi chants. Some chants contain many repetitions which enable students to have better retention and more familiarity with Pāḷi grammar. I focus more on the Pāḷi usage rather than the need to memorise the many rules of Pāḷi grammar. I believe with repeated chanting, the grammar will be more obvious and easy to follow. From the feedback obtained from students who attended the previous class last year, I get to know that some students were confused firstly by English grammar. Because we use English grammar to explain Pāḷi grammar, here, I also include some simple English grammar for the students to follow this handout. I also include some Chinese words for the benefit of Chinese educated students. My main reference comes from Pāḷi Made Easy by Bhadanta Ananda Maitreya as this is the best and clearest reference book I found so far. I will refer to this book as PME in this handout. Another grammar book I recommend is A Practical Grammar of the Pāli Language by Charles Duroiselle. As a conclusion, I would like to thank all my Pāḷi teachers for sharing the knowledge with me, especially my Pāḷi professor Sayadaw Dr. Nodhiñāṇa, as well as Sayadaw U Paṇḍita and Sayadaw Theravaṃsa. Sayagyi (Chief Nun) Cālā Therī M.A. (Buddha Dhamma) (2017), International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary University (ITBMU), Yangon. B.Sc (Computer Science) 2000, INTI, Malaysia. Ph.D. student at ITBMU (ongoing) Tel: +6016 475123 10th April 2019 Buddhasāsanaṃ ciraṃ tiṭṭhātu. May the teaching of the Buddha last long. Page 2 of 282 Abbreviation The abbreviations used are: Nom= Nominative, Acc=Accusative, Ins=Instrumental, Abl=Ablative, Gen=Genitive, Loc = locative, Voc=Vocative Sub=Subject 主题, Obj=Object 目标, Adj=Adjective 形容词 that describes the noun, Adv=Adverb 副词 that describes the verb. indecl=indeclinable 没有格 Sg=Singular 单数 Pl=Plural l 复数 Verb: Pre=Present Tense 现在时, PP=Past participle 过去分词 Fut=Future tense 将来时态, Imp=Imperative 命令式动词 Past=Past tense 过去式 Opt=Optative mode 可选动词 Genders 性 are [m]=Masculine 男性, [f]=Feminine 女性, [nt]=Neutral 中性. 1. Sound system Vowel (sara) 母音,元音 a ā i ī u ū e o Three short sounds (rassa) are a,i,u. Five are long sounds (dīgha). Consonant (byañjana) 辅音,子音 Guttural (Throat)喉音 K kh g gh ṅ=ng Palatal (placing the tongue against the 腭音 hard palate of the mouth) palatal=roof of the mouth C ch J jh ñ Lingual (produced by tongue) 舌音 ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ Dental (Teeth)呀音 T th d dh n Labial (Lip)嘴唇音 P ph b bh m Semivowel 半元音 Y v r l Sibilant 丝丝音 S Aspirate 气音 H Lingual 舌音 ḷ Nasal (connected with nose)鼻因 ṃ i----ī-----e-----ay u---ū---o---av Page 3 of 283 2. Present tense/ Present continuous tense Person Singular Plural 1 (ā)mi (ā) ma 2 Si Tha 3 Ti Nti Ti,nti,si,tha,mi and ma are called verbal terminations 动词的后缀. They indicate the point of view i.e whether 1st, 2nd or 3rd person, and whether it is singular or plural. Normally for the first person, there is a long vowel ‘ā’ before ‘mi’ and ‘ma’. Singular 单数 Plural 复数 1 Gacchāmi (I go) Gacchāma (We go) 2 Gacchasi (You go) Gacchatha (You all go) 3 Gacchati (He/she/it goes) Gacchanti (They go) We recite: Gacchati, gacchanti, gacchasi, gacchatha, gacchāmi, gacchāma. a. Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi. I go to the Buddha as (my) refuge Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi. I go to the Dhamma as (my) refuge Saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi. I go to the Saṅgha as (my) refuge. Note: ṃ indicates this is an object. b. Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma.. We go to the Buddha as (our) refuge... c. Dutiyampi (Dutiyaṃ + pi) For the second time.... d. Tatiyampi (Tatiyaṃ + pi) For the third time.... The above verbal terminations can be translated as either simple present or present continuous tense. Gacchati has two tenses: i) Present tense 现在时=He goes, He does go. ii)Present Continuous tense 现在进行时= He is going. 3. Word formation Word formation: √Gam > Gacch + a + ti Cs=Conjugation sign (PME, 139) Root Cs vt Vt=verbal termination (PME.125) Root 字根 + Conjugation sign 链接标志> Verbal Base 动词的基础 √Gam》√Gacch + a > Gaccha |
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