空中等待程序和速度-ICAO和FAA！

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一、 等待速度

对于航空器的等待程序，ICAO程序设计中有一些明确的规定，而杰普逊直接采用了ICAO的设计思路和规范，对于等待速度、程序都有一定的规定：HOLDING CRITERIA from jeppesen。

1.1.1 To ensure that aircraft remain in the protecting holding areas, pilots shall use established error check procedures to reduce the effects of operating errors, data errors or equipment malfunction.

为了保障航空器在指定的保护等待空域内，机组必须建立查错机制来减少操作失误、数据错误、设备失效的影响。

1.1.3 The procedures described in this chapter are related to right turn holding patterns. For left turn holding patterns, the corresponding entry and holding procedures are symmetrical with respect to the inbound holding track.

杰普逊此文中的等待程序都是右等待，对于左等待程序，对应的进入和等待程序和进入等待航迹是对称的。

1.3.1 Speeds

          速度

Holding patterns shall be entered and flown at or below the airspeeds given in Table I-6-1-1.NOTE: The speeds in given in Table I-6-1-1 are rounded to the nearest multiple of five for operational reasons. From the standpoint of operational safety, these speeds are considered to be equivalent to the unrounded originals.

进入等待程序或者飞等待程序时需要注意航空器的速度，不得大于表I-6.1.1中的规定，表中的数值出于运行原因，速度四舍五入为五的最接近倍数，从运行安全角度来说，这些速度被认为是相当于原始的数据的安全性。

 

 

 

1.3.2 Bank angle/rate of turn

All turns are to be made at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank.

所有的转弯必须是倾斜角25度，或者三度每秒的转弯率，选取最小值。

1.3.3 Allowance for known wind

All procedures depict tracks. Pilots should attempt to maintain the track by making allowance for known wind by applying corrections both to heading and timing. This should be done during entry and while flying in the holding pattern.

所有程序都描述了轨迹，考虑到已知的风，机组需要使用航向和计时的修正来保证航迹，机组需要在进入该等待程度和所有等待程序中实施。

1.3.4 Start of outbound timing

什么时候开始出航时间？

Outbound timing begins over or abeam the fix, whichever occurs later. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when turn to outbound is completed.

出航计时在飞跃或者正切台开始，以开始晚的计算，如果正切位置不能确定，以转向结束开始计时。

1.3.5 Outbound leg length based on a DME distance 

以DME测距的出航距离

If the outbound leg length is based on a DME distance, then the outbound leg terminates as soon as the limiting DME distance is reached. 

如果出航距离基于DME测距，一旦达到DME的限制距离，那么出航航迹终止。

1.3.6 Limiting radials

径向线限制

1.3.6.1 In the case of holding away from the station, where the distance from the holding fix to the VOR/DME station is short, a limiting radial may be specified. A limiting radial may also be specified where airspace conservation is essential.

万一远离台的等待，且距离台较劲，需要定义一个径向线，对于空域需要保护的情况也需要定义一个径向线。

1.3.6.2  If the limiting radial is reached before the limiting DME distance, this radial should be followed until a turn inbound is initiated. The turn should be initiated at the latest where the limiting DME distance is reached.

如果在到达限制的DME距离前先到达了限制的径向线，那么航空器需要按照此径向线飞行直到开始入航转弯。最迟不得晚于到达DME限制距离开始转弯。

 

 

如上图所示：

等待速度的限制分为两个维度，一个是高度，一个是航空器类型。

高度	正常条件下的喷气飞机	颠簸条件下的喷气飞机
1850m以上包含（6000ft）	210kt	280kt和0.8M取较小值
1850-4250包含（6000-14000）	220kt	280kt和0.8M取较小值
4250以上（14000）	240kt	280kt和0.8M取较小值

同时，注意该表的continued，下图中的3个注意事项：

1、上述高度值或者飞行高度层是指在飞行中的高度表调定值。

2、某些螺旋桨飞机可能需要更高的等待速度。

3、对于为280k的速度，给颠簸条件下预留，该速度需要和ATC申请，除非相关公布显示该等待区域可以允许航空器以如此高的速度飞行。

 

 

对比一下FAA的等待速度：

高度	所有航空器
6000ft及以下	200kt
6000-14000含	230kt
14000以上	265kt

1、6001-14000之间高度的等待速度有可能被限制在210kt，这种非正常的模式将会用特殊的图表表示。

2、在所有高度上，等待速度有可能被限制在175kt，如果有非正常模式，也会注明。

3、美国空军机场的等待速度是310kt，除非另有要求。

4、美国海军领域的限制空速为230kt，除非另有要求。

 

二、加入方法

 

1.4.4 Sector 1 procedure (parallel entry):
          平行进入

a. at the fix, the aircraft is turned left onto an outbound heading for the appropriate period of time; then

b. the aircraft is turned left onto the holding side to intercept the inbound track or to return to the fix; and then

c. on second arrival over the holding fix, the aircraft is turned right to follow the holding pattern.

平行进入的具体实施方法是，第一次过等待参考点，与平行边成约30度夹角背台飞。背台飞出一段距离后，右转加入入航边，第二次过台。

 

1.4.5 Sector 2 entry

Sector 2 procedure (offset entry):
偏置进入

a. at the fix, the aircraft is turned onto a heading to make good a track making an angle of 30°from the reciprocal of the inbound track on the holding side; then

b. the aircraft will fly outbound:

1. for the appropriate period of time (see 1.4.9, “Time/distance outbound”), where timing is specified; or

2. until the appropriate limiting DME distance is reached, where distance is specified. If a

limiting radial is also specified, then the outbound distance is determined either by limiting DME distance or the limiting radial, whichever comes first;

c. the aircraft is turned right to intercept the inbound holding track; and

d. on second arrival over the holding fix, the aircraft is turned right to follow the holding pattern

偏置进入的具体实施方法是，不过等待参考点，直接加入出航边，然后右转加入入航边，或者第一次过台后左转，与入航边平行，磁航向相反，平飞出一段距离，然后左转加入入航边。

1.4.6 Sector 3 entry直接进入

Sector 3 procedure (direct entry): Having reached the fix, the aircraft is turned right to follow the holding pattern.

直接进入的具体实施方法是，第一次过等待参考点后，加入出航边盘旋等待。

1.4.7 DME arc entry DME弧进入

DME arc entry: at the fix, the aircraft shall enter the holding pattern in accordance with either the Sector 1 or Sector 3 entry procedure.

在定位点，根据DME弧使用平行或者直接进入。

1.4.8 Special entry procedure for VOR/DME holding对于VOR/DME程序的特殊进入

NOTE: Where a special entry procedure is used, the entry radial is clearly depicted.

根据给出的特定径向线进入。

1.4.9 Time/distance outbound时间/距离出航

The still air time for flying the outbound entry heading should not exceed:

a. one minute if at or below 4250 m (14000 ft); or

b. one and one-half minutes if above 4250 m (14000 ft).

Where DME is available, the length of the outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time.

高度	时间
14000及以下	1min
14000以上	1.5min
如果DME可用	出航距离使用测距替代时间

 To Be Continued.......

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