普遍认为正常剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚非常安全,无论对于幼儿还是成人。但是长期、过量服用对乙酰氨基酚可能造成不良后果。[具体情况如何?] 服用超过 7.5 g/日 或 150 mg/kg(体重) 可能导致肝脏损害[具体情况如何?]。患有肝脏疾病的患者服用对乙酰氨基酚应咨询医师。身体健康者服药期间也应避免饮酒。
有证据[需要解释]显示对乙酰氨基酚可能存在轻微的肾毒性,长期大剂量服用可能导致肾脏损害,故建议肾病患者服用含对乙酰氨基酚的药品应格外注意。[来源请求]
至今,对乙酰氨基酚的作用机制还未完全明了。主要的作用机制应该是对环氧化酶的抑制作用,近期的研究发现其对COX-2的选择性更强。[36]因为其对COX-2具有选择性,所以对乙酰氨基酚不会抑制血栓形成。[36]对乙酰氨基酚有止痛和退烧作用,这与阿司匹林等其他NSAID无异,但是对乙酰氨基酚的外周抗炎作用受到多种因素的制约,其中之一便是炎性病变中的过氧化物。然而,在某些情况下,可以观察其外周抗炎活性几乎与NSAID相同。
与非类固醇抗炎药物相似,但是与阿片类药物不同,对乙酰氨基酚不会使人精神愉快或是改变心情。对乙酰氨基酚和NSAID类药物不会有令人上瘾和产生依赖性的危险。对乙酰氨基酚的分子无对掌性,所以不会有旋光性。对乙酰氨基酚的两个英文名字都来自于他的化学名称“N-acetyl-para-aminophenol”(N-乙酰-对-氨基苯酚)和“para-acetyl-amino-phenol”(对乙酰氨基酚)。在某些文献中,对乙酰氨基酚被简记作“APAP”。
中世纪时期,仅有的退热药物是一种存在于柳树树皮中的物质(一类叫作水杨酸的物质,后来导致了阿司匹林的发展)和一种存在于金鸡纳树树皮里的物质。金鸡纳树皮也是用来制造抗疟疾药物奎宁的主要原料,奎宁本身也有退热的功效。直到19世纪中后期才发展出提炼分离水杨苷和水杨酸的技术。
1880年代以来,随着金鸡纳树日益减少,人们开始寻找其替代品。1886年科学家发明了退热冰(乙酰苯胺),1887年又发明了非那西丁(乙酰对氨苯乙醚)。1873年,Harmon Northrop Morse首先通过对硝基苯酚和冰醋酸的在锡催化下反应合成了对乙酰氨基酚,但是在二十年之内对乙酰氨基酚并没有用于医学用途。1893年,在某些服用了非那西丁的患者的尿液里发现了对乙酰氨基酚的存在,并浓缩成白色、稍有苦味的晶体。1899年对乙酰氨基酚被发现是退热冰的代谢产物,但是这些发现在当时并没有被重视。
1946年美国止痛与镇静剂研究所(Institute for the Study of Analgesic and Sedative Drugs)拨款给纽约市卫生局(New York City Department of Health)研究止痛剂的问题。伯纳德·布罗迪(Bernard Brodie)和朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德(Julius Axelrod)被分配研究非阿司匹林类退热剂为何产生高铁血红蛋白症(一种非致命的血液疾病)这一副作用。1948年伯纳德和爱梭罗德发现退热冰的作用归功于他的代谢产物对乙酰氨基酚,因此他们提倡使用对乙酰氨基酚替代退热冰,因为对乙酰氨基酚没有类似退热冰的毒副作用。
1955年, 强生公司(Johnson & Johnson)之对乙酰氨基酚药片在美国境内上市销售,商品名泰诺(Tylenol)。
1956年,葛兰素史克(GSK) 500毫克一片的对乙酰氨基酚药片在英国境内上市销售,商品名Panadol。1963年,对乙酰氨基酚列入英国药典,并因其较小的副作用和与其它药物的相互作用而流行开来。
社会与文化编辑
含对乙酰氨基酚的药品编辑
许多非处方药中都含有对乙酰氨基酚成分,这情况在世界各地都很普遍,因为一般西医诊所的医生都会为病人处方多种药物,并且很难从药品名称中得知其含有对乙酰氨基酚。所以用量应计算所有服用的药品中的对乙酰氨基酚的用量,以免因为重复服药而出现药物中毒。[37]
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