1、模块说明requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。 用python编写。 比urllib2模块更简洁。 Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池，支持使用cookie保持会话，支持文件上传，支持自动响应内容的编码，支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。 在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得人性化，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。 现代，国际化，友好。 requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive 2、基础入门1）导入模块 import requests 2）发送请求的简洁 示例代码：获取一个网页（个人github） import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法 1 requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json’) # GET请求2 requests.post(“http:///post”) # POST请求3 requests.put(“http:///put”) # PUT请求4 requests.delete(“http:///delete”) # DELETE请求5 requests.head(“http:///get”) # HEAD请求6 requests.options(“http:///get” ) # OPTIONS请求3）为url传递参数 >>> url_params = {'key':'value'} # 字典传递参数，如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中>>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params)>>> print(r.url)
your url?key=value4）响应的内容
r.encoding #获取当前的编码r.encoding = 'utf-8' #设置编码r.text #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体，会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。r.content #以字节形式（二进制）返回。字节方式的响应体，会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。r.headers #以字典对象存储服务器响应头，但是这个字典比较特殊，字典键不区分大小写，若键不存在则返回Noner.status_code #响应状态码r.raw #返回原始响应体，也就是 urllib 的 response 对象，使用 r.raw.read() r.ok # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功 #*特殊方法*#r.json() #Requests中内置的JSON解码器，以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的，不然解析出错会抛异常r.raise_for_status() #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
post发送json请求： 1 import requests2 import json3
4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))5 print(r.json())5）定制头和cookie信息 header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}cookie = {'key':'value'}
r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)print(r.text)6）响应状态码 使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code…… 1 r = requests.get('http://www.')2 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)3 r.encoding = 'GBK'4 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)示例代码：
1 import requests2
3 r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求4 print(r.status_code) # 获取返回状态5 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求6 print(r1.url)7 print(r1.text) # 打印解码后的返回数据
运行结果： /usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py200http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python ………… Process finished with exit code 0 r.status_code #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常 7）响应 r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息r.cookies #返回cookier.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向 8）超时 r = requests.get('url',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数 s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1')10）代理 proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)汇总：
# HTTP请求类型# get类型r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')# post类型r = requests.post("http://m./post")# put类型r = requests.put("http://m./put")# delete类型r = requests.delete("http://m./delete")# head类型r = requests.head("http://m./head")# options类型r = requests.options("http://m./get")# 获取响应内容print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示#URL传递参数payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m./webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print（r.url） #示例为http://m./webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港#获取/修改网页编码r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print （r.encoding）#json处理r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print（r.json()） # 需要先import json # 定制请求头url = 'http://m.'headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)print （r.request.headers)#复杂post请求url = 'http://m.'payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下# post多部分编码文件url = 'http://m.'files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)# 响应状态码r = requests.get('http://m.')print(r.status_code)
# 响应头r = requests.get('http://m.')print (r.headers)print (r.headers['Content-Type'])print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookiesurl = 'http:///some/cookie/setting/url'r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies url = 'http://m./cookies'cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies#设置超时时间r = requests.get('http://m.', timeout=0.001)#设置访问代理proxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.', proxies=proxies)#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
# HTTP请求类型# get类型r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')# post类型r = requests.post("http://m./post")# put类型r = requests.put("http://m./put")# delete类型r = requests.delete("http://m./delete")# head类型r = requests.head("http://m./head")# options类型r = requests.options("http://m./get")# 获取响应内容print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示#URL传递参数payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m./webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print（r.url） #示例为http://m./webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港#获取/修改网页编码r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print （r.encoding）#json处理r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')print（r.json()） # 需要先import json # 定制请求头url = 'http://m.'headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)print （r.request.headers)#复杂post请求url = 'http://m.'payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下# post多部分编码文件url = 'http://m.'files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)# 响应状态码r = requests.get('http://m.')print(r.status_code)
# 响应头r = requests.get('http://m.')print (r.headers)print (r.headers['Content-Type'])print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookiesurl = 'http:///some/cookie/setting/url'r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies url = 'http://m./cookies'cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies#设置超时时间r = requests.get('http://m.', timeout=0.001)#设置访问代理proxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.', proxies=proxies)#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
3、示例代码GET请求
1 # 1、无参数实例
2
3 import requests 4
5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') 6
7 print(ret.url) 8 print(ret.text) 9
10
11
12 # 2、有参数实例13
14 import requests15
16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}17 ret = requests.get("http:///get", params=payload)18
19 print(ret.url)20 print(ret.text)
POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http:///post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
import requestsimport json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)print(ret.cookies)
请求参数 请求参数 参数示例代码json请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3import requestsimport jsonclass url_request(): def __init__(self): ''' init '''if __name__ == '__main__':
heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
payload = {'CountryName': '中国', 'ProvinceName': '四川省', 'L1CityName': 'chengdu', 'L2CityName': 'yibing', 'TownName': '', 'Longitude': '107.33393', 'Latitude': '33.157131', 'Language': 'CN'}
r = requests.post("http://www./CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
data = r.json() if r.status_code!=200: print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code)) print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID']) # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack']) print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)) # 树形打印json，ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode
Xml请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3import requestsclass url_request(): def __init__(self): """init"""if __name__ == '__main__':
heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www./2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www./2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas./soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http:///"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>'
url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xx/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
data = r.text print(data)
状态异常处理
import requests
URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php' # 淘宝IP地址库APItry:
r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200，就主动抛出异常except requests.RequestException as e: print(e)else:
result = r.json() print(type(result), result, sep='\n')
上传文件使用request模块，也可以上传文件，文件的类型会自动进行处理：
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名 r = requests.post(url, files=files)print(r.text)
request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名 r = requests.post(url, files=files)print(r.text)
6) 身份验证基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth) import requestsfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('https:///hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))# r = requests.get('https:///hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd')) # 简写print(r.json())另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证，Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的: requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')Cookies与会话对象如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速访问它们： import requests
r = requests.get('http://www./')print(r.cookies['NID'])print(tuple(r.cookies))要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数：
import requests
url = 'http:///cookies'cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@，冒号，分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)print(r.json())
会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数，最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies，且这些都是自动处理的，甚是方便。
import requests
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress', 'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')s.get('https://www./account_login.htm')
_URL = 'http://www./index.php's.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})
requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例这是一个基本的文件保存操作，但这里有几个值得注意的问题： 1.安装requests包，命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests，自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码 2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8，否则保存的文件会出现乱码。 3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容，会提示各种编码错误，所以保存到文件查看。 4.with open方法是更好的写法，可以自动操作完毕后释放资源
#! /urs/bin/python3import requests'''requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例'''html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(html.text)
'''读取一个txt文件，每次读取一行，并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例'''ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f: for line in f:
ff.write(line)
ff.close()
因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据，中文会出现编码错误，所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件，这样来测试读取是否正常。（注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式） 自动登陆"示例：
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import requests# ############## 方式一 ##############"""# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig./help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
url="http://dig./login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
},
cookies=i1_cookies
)
# ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
url="http://dig./link/vote?linksId=8589523",
cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)"""# ############## 方式二 ##############"""import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig./help/service")
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig./login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig./link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)"""
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoup# ############## 方式一 ###############
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()# i1.close()#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证# form_data = {# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,# "utf8": "",# "commit": "Sign in",# "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",# 'password': 'xxoo'# }#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()# c1.update(c2)# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')#
# from bs4.element import Tag#
# for child in list_group.children:# if isinstance(child, Tag):# project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')# size_tag = child.find(name='small')# temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )# print(temp)# ############## 方式二 ############### session = requests.Session()# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()# i1.close()#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证# form_data = {# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,# "utf8": "",# "commit": "Sign in",# "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",# 'password': 'xxoo'# }#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()# c1.update(c2)# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')#
# from bs4.element import Tag#
# for child in list_group.children:# if isinstance(child, Tag):# project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')# size_tag = child.find(name='small')# temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )# print(temp)
知乎
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import reimport jsonimport base64import rsaimport requestsdef js_encrypt(text):
b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
value = value.decode('utf8') return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = { 'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'), 'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'), 'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
data=json.dumps(form_data),
headers={ 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8', 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest', 'VerificationToken': verification_token}
)
i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')print(i3.text)
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import requests# 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html# 2、请求方法:GET# 3、请求头:# User-agentr1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
},
)
X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())# 第二步：登陆# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json# 2、请求方法:POST# 3、请求头:# cookie# User-agent# Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html# X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984# X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78# X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest# 4、请求体：# isValidate:true# username:15131252215# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d# request_form_verifyCode:''# submit:''r2 = requests.post( 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',
headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36', 'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html', 'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code, 'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token, 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
},
data={ "isValidate": True, 'username': '15131255089', 'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d', 'request_form_verifyCode': '', 'submit': ''
},
cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()
)print(r2.text)
参考： http://cn./zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4 http://docs./en/latest/user/quickstart/ 分类: 爬虫学习 |
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来自： 昵称QAb6ICvc > 《python》
