Tactile Perception – Definition, Activities, How It Works And Affects触觉感知 – 定义、活动、它如何工作和影响
We not only touch, but we feel and that is what tactile perception is all about , our tactile sense is not simply a passive receiver of information, but actively selects and refines sensations according to our current goals and perceptions. Our fingers, hands and bodies are not external to the world, but direct actions within it to access the information we need. Therefore, tactile sensation, perception, and action cannot simply be viewed as a forward process, but form a closed loop.我们不仅触摸，而且我们感觉到，这就是触觉感知的全部意义，我们的触觉不仅仅是信息的被动接收者，而是根据我们目前的目标和感知主动选择和完善感觉。我们的手指、手和身体不是世界的外部，而是直接在世界内部采取行动，以访问我们需要的信息。因此，触觉、知觉和动作不能简单地视为一个前向过程，而是形成一个闭环。
What is tactile perception?什么是触觉感知？
It is the ability of the brain to understand (perceive) the information that comes from the skin , especially the skin of the hands. The hands are used to record sensory information and then the brain uses this information to guide the hands during an activity.Touch is the first of our senses to develop , providing us with the sensory scaffolding in which we come to perceive our own bodies and our sense of self, it also provides us with direct access to the external world of physical objects, through the exploration of our hands.Touch is of such fundamental importance in a wide range of social and cognitive domains, it should be placed much more centrally in the study of early perceptual development than it is today.它是大脑理解（感知）来自皮肤的信息的能力，特别是手的皮肤。手用于记录感觉信息，然后大脑在活动期间使用此信息来指导手。触觉是我们感官发展的第一个，为我们提供了感官支架，在这个支架中，我们开始感知自己的身体和自我意识，它还通过对双手的探索，为我们提供了直接进入物理对象外部世界的途径。触摸在广泛的社会和认知领域具有如此重要的重要性，它应该比今天更集中地放在早期感知发展的研究中。Technically, it consists of passive tactile perception, where the skin simply makes contact with an object, and active haptic perception, where the child actively and intentionally explores and manipulates objects with their hands. Haptic perception uses information from the muscles and joints of the hands (proprioception) to allow us to perceive the shape, size, and weight of an object, while texture, temperature, and hardness can be perceived from touch receptors.从技术上讲，它由被动触觉感知（皮肤简单地与物体接触）和主动触觉感知（儿童主动和有意识地用手探索和操纵物体）组成。触觉感知使用来自手的肌肉和关节（本体感觉）的信息，使我们能够感知物体的形状，大小和重量，而纹理，温度和硬度可以从触摸受体感知。
Activities to improve the development of tactile perception Tactile perception activities can help the child to develop it in a more simple way, this in turn, can help the development of good fine motor skills.The activities here are roughly ranked from easy to hardest, so start at the level that you think will be the most satisfying and fun for your child, and then make it easier or more challenging as needed. These activities will help your child learn how to process touch feedback from hands and fingers more effectively.促进触觉发展的活动. 触觉感知活动可以帮助孩子以更简单的方式发展它，这反过来又可以帮助发展良好的精细运动技能。,这里的活动大致从容易到最难，所以从你认为对你的孩子最满意和最有趣的水平开始，然后根据需要让它更容易或更具挑战性。这些活动将帮助你的孩子学习如何更有效地处理来自手和手指的触摸反馈。
Tactical game of household objects家用物品的战术游戏
Put several familiar household objects in a cloth bag, and ask your child to feel one and tell you what it is without looking, then you can take out the object and see if he was right.把几个熟悉的家用物品放在一个布袋里，让你的孩子摸一个，告诉你它是什么，而不用看，然后你可以拿出这个物体，看看他是否正确。
Tip: Make sure your child knows the names of all the objects, if language skills are an issue then have a set of matching items out of the bag that your child can point to.提示：确保您的孩子知道所有物品的名称，如果语言技能有问题，那么从袋子里拿出一组匹配的物品，让您的孩子可以指向。
Make it harder: Ask him to find a specific object更难：让他找到一个特定的物体
Add interest: Use objects related to a theme, such as kitchen objects, bathroom objects, toys, etc.添加兴趣：使用与主题相关的对象，例如厨房对象、浴室对象、玩具等
Touch activity with grocery products使用杂货产品触摸活动/与食品杂货接触活动
Use packaged grocery items such as dried beans, rice, popcorn, macaroni, pasta shells, jellies, raisins. Make sure your child knows everyone’s names first and have them feel the packages to get an idea of how they differ.Ask your child to put both hands in the bag where all the products are, to feel a package, and to tell you what object it is. After “guessing,” let him take it out to see if it is correct.It is very similar to the previous activity with the only difference in the products to be used. 使用包装好的杂货，如干豆、米饭、爆米花、通心粉、意大利面壳、果冻、葡萄干。确保您的孩子首先知道每个人的名字，并让他们感受包裹，以了解它们的不同之处。让你的孩子把双手放在所有产品所在的袋子里，感受一个包裹，并告诉你它是什么物体。“猜”后，让他拿出来看看是否正确。它与以前的活动非常相似，唯一的区别是要使用的产品。Tactile discrimination: 触觉辨别：shape activity Before starting, let your child feel each shape as he describes it (or let him describe it himself). For example: a circle is round and has no corners, a square has 4 equal corners and 4 sides, but the diamond has 2 narrow / sharp corners and 2 wider corners, etc.
How does tactile perception work in our life?触觉感知如何在我们的生活中发挥作用？
When you put your hand in your bag and look inside to retrieve your keys, it is your tactile perception that will help you find them with the sensation. Stop for a moment and think about how it feels to wash dishes with rubber gloves or plant a delicate seedling with garden gloves – wearing thick gloves only limits your ability to know what your hands are doing.When you don’t get good feedback from your fingers, it is difficult to be precise with them, it is more likely to be clumsy and end up crushing the delicate roots of the plants or breaking the fragile crystals. This is what poor tactile perception feels like.Usually, there is nothing wrong with the nerves in the hands, but the brain is not processing the information from the hands correctly, and therefore does not respond adequately to the task at hand.
How weak touch perception can affect children?弱触觉对儿童的影响有多大？Typing speed and readability have been found to be affected by tactile perception. The brain needs to accurately perceive tactile and proprioceptive information from the fingers and use that information to control the pen and form letters accurately.Children with poor tactile perception may feel very slow while holding small or fragile items, they may hold a pencil very tight to help them “feel” the pencil better. For this reason, having precise tactile perception is an essential foundation for the development of good fine motor skills. 已经发现打字速度和可读性受到触觉感知的影响。大脑需要准确地感知来自手指的触觉和本体感觉信息，并利用这些信息来准确地控制笔和形成字母。触觉感知差的孩子在握住小或易碎的物品时可能会感到非常缓慢，他们可能会非常紧地握住铅笔，以帮助他们更好地“感觉”铅笔。因此，具有精确的触觉感知是发展良好精细运动技能的重要基础。
Psychosexual Development: Definition, Theory, Stages and Critiques.性心理发展：定义，理论，阶段和批判。
The psychosexual development is an important development theory, which suggests that humans behave as they do because constantly seeking pleasure, for different periods or stages of life, the kinds of pleasure looking for a person change.Each change in the location of the body where the person finds pleasure represents a stage in psychosexual development. There are a total of five stages; four of them are named for the primary part of the body from which a person derives pleasure during a given time in life.性心理发展是一个重要的发展理论，它表明人类的行为之所以如此，是因为在生命的不同时期或阶段，不断寻求快乐，寻找一个人的快乐类型会发生变化。身体部位的每次变化都代表了性心理发展的一个阶段。总共有五个阶段;其中四个以身体的主要部分命名，一个人在生命中的给定时间从中获得快乐。
Psychosexual Development: Definition, Theory, Stages and Critiques.
The psychosexual development is an important development theory, which suggests that humans behave as they do because constantly seeking pleasure, for different periods or stages of life, the kinds of pleasure looking for a person change.
Each change in the location of the body where the person finds pleasure represents a stage in psychosexual development. There are a total of five stages; four of them are named for the primary part of the body from which a person derives pleasure during a given time in life.
What is psychosexual development?
Psychosexual development was a theory created by the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, where he described how the personality developed throughout childhood, although the theory is well known in psychology, it has always been quite controversial, both during the time of Freud as in modern psychology.
So how exactly do the psychosexual stages work? Freud believed that personality developed through a series of infantile stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of identification were focused on certain erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind the behavior.
