|
独立主格结构之(一)形式分类 作为英语语法中重要的一支，何谓独立主格结构？ 顾名思义有三层含义: 1) 独立：分三个层次，a.主谓之间不需要考虑一致；b.述位的动词部分是自由的，不必顾及时态、语态、语气的选择；c.结构自成一体，以逗号与句子隔离，但又依附句子存在；2)主格：意味着主位是具有主语资格的成分；3)结构：同一语义的结构相比于句子，更言简意丰，达意传神，从而凸显信息量的层级排列；4)本质：类似于谓语动词和非谓语动词，独立主格结构是对单句在谓语部分实施的一种异化，二者可相互转换，适时替补,丰富句式,增强表现力。 根据异化的不同形式，分为以下八种： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 现在分词包含一般时和进行时： The question being solved, we went home. :The question was solved, so we went home. 问题解决，我们就回家了。 We shall play the game tomorrow, weather permitting. :We shall play the game tomorrow, if weather permits. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the debate off. :Since the monitor is ill, we’d better put the debate off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期辩论。 The discussion being continued, I decided to withdraw. : Although the discussion was being continued, I decided to withdraw. 讨论在继续，我还是决定退出。 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 过去分词包含动作的过去发生、完成或被动: More time given, we should have written the composition much better. :If more time had been given, we should have written the composition much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们本会把作文写得更好。 The last bus having gone, we had to go home on foot. :Because the last bus had gone, we had to go home on foot. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 The job finished, we left for the station. :As the job was finished, we left for the station. 工作结束后我们动身去车站了。 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 不定式多半包含将来含义: Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. :If nobody comes tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. :Because so many people helps him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 4. 名词（代词）+介词短语 介词短语中注意名词前零冠词的现象: The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. :The soldiers dashed in, and a rifle in his hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. :A girl came in, and a book in her hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. :He was waiting, and his eyes were on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic business will be divided into five groups, each with its own executives. 在重组中，运营公司基本业务的大型组织将被分为五个集团，每个小组都有自己的高管。 5. 名词（代词）+形容词 He sat in the front row in silence, his mouth half open. :He sat in the front row in silence,and his mouth was half open. 他默默地坐在前排，嘴半开着。 The poor little girl stood in the snow trembling, her nose red with cold. :The poor little girl stood in the snow trembling, and her nose was red with cold. 可怜的小女孩站在雪地里发抖，鼻子冻得通红。 6.名词（代词）+副词 He got used to sleeping alone, all lamps out. :He got used to sleeping alone and all lamps were out. 他习惯了独自睡觉，所有灯都灭了。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. :With the collar off, her head down, and pen in position,she sat at the table and was ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 7.名词（代词）/ There being +名词（代词） We meet many friends, most of them the Americans. 我们碰到很多朋友， 大部分是美国人。 There being nothing else to do, we sat idle. :There was nothing else to do；therefore we sat idle. 没有别的事可干，我们闲坐着。 There being no further business, I declare the conference closed. :There is no further business; thus I declare the conference closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 8. It being +名词（代词） it 作非人称主语，可指代时间、地点、距离、路程等。 It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. :Owing to Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. :Because of a holiday, all the shops were shut. 今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 It being five hundred miles away from home, I couldn’t help falling homesick. :Five hundred miles away from home, I couldn’t help falling homesick. 离家五百英里，我忍不住想家了。 It being dimly and cloudy, a storm was surely on its way. :Due to the dimly and cloudy weather, a storm was surely on its way. 天气昏暗而多云，一场暴风雨肯定就要来了。 注：独立主格结构在表示原因、方式(伴随)时等同于with结构。相比之下，基于主格的缘故，独立主格结构更多展现出动作的画面感和即视感。如： I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. --All these clothes to wash, I can’t go out. --All these clothes are to wash, so I can’t go out. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. --My mother being ill, I won’t be able to go on holiday . --Because my mother is ill, I won’t be able to go on holiday . 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 Don’t sleep with the windows open. --The windows open, don’t sleep. --The windows are open; don’t sleep. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. --He stood before his teacher , his head down. --He stood before his teacher , and his head was down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. --He was lying on the bed , all his clothes on. --He was lying on the bed , and all his clothes were on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. --She came in ,book in hand. --She came in ,and a book was in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. --The lamp burning , he fell asleep. --The lamp was burning , but he fell asleep. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 He sat there with his eyes closed. --His eyes closed, he sat there. --He sat there and his eyes were closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. --The door locked , he worked all the afternoon. --The door was locked and he worked all the afternoon. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 注： 1.独立主格结构中，动词不定式表示没有发生或即将发生；动词-ing形式表示主动或者进行，动词-ed形式表示动作的完成和被动。 2. 当独立主格结构中being done表示“正在被做”时，以及独立主格结构的逻辑主语是人称代词或there时，being不省略。 *All the guests (being) present, she felt very happy. (being可省略） 客人都在场，她非常开心。 *It being snowy, I didn’t go to school.（being不可省略） 因为下雪，我没有去学校。 *There being no buses, they walked to the school.（being不可省略） 没有公汽，他们走着去了学校。 3. 在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为使句子简洁、明快，往往将独立主格结构中的冠词或代词都省略。 *The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand. *She came in, (a) smile on (her) face. |
|
|
