你知道如何使用 this，that，so 或 such 等词来避免在写作中重复吗？阅读本文找出答案，并进行互动练习。看看下面这些例子，看看避免在写作中重复的一些不同方法：- The composition of chimpanzee muscle was found to differ from that of humans, which explains their greater strength.
- Featuring holes at an altitude of 2,895m, it is the only such golf course in the world.
- Some birds can find their way without any landmarks, and we still don't know for sure how they do so.
我们通常使用 it，this/these，that/those，such 和 do so 等词以及同义词来避免重复。这样可以使写作更短、更容易理解、更有趣。It，this/these 和 that/those 都可以用来指代刚刚提到或之前已经提到的东西。It 用来指代我们已经在谈论或写作的东西，没有特别强调：- We watched the latest episode last night. It was OK, but not nearly as good as the previous ones.
This/these 比 it 更具有强调性，通常表明某事是新的或有趣的，通常意味着关于这个话题还有更多的话要说：- More funding has been approved for primary schools in the area. This does not, however, solve the problem faced by …
That/those 也比 it 更具有强调性，用法跟 this 类似，然而 that 表明更远的距离，例如我们可以用 that 来与一个特定的想法保持距离：- They're idiots! … OK, sorry, maybe that was unfair.
- A: I refuse to do this any more! B: I understand you're upset, but I think that's going a bit too far.
或者，that/those 可以指的是稍后进一步提到的一个想法：-A classic mistake inexperienced hikers make is to pack things they don't really need. Such items can include shoes, extra toiletries and electronics.-Those extra kilos of weight are soon left behind as hikers learn to reduce what they carry to a minimum.在表示更远的物理距离时，通常选用 that/those 胜过选 this/these：- Scientists believe that some animals may use the Earth's magnetic fields to find their way from A to B, even if that B is thousands of miles away.
that/those 的意思可以是 the one(s)在更正式的英语中，that 和 those 可以用来表示 the one 或 the ones，此时 that 或 those 后常跟 of，并以这种方式来避免重复：- We compared our experience to that of a group of teenagers. (that = the experience)
- They obtained better exam results than those of the same year group in other schools. (those = the exam results)
those who 意为 the people who- She was among those who voted for the policy.
- Those who are unable to attend the event in person are invited to view it online.
such 意为“of this type 或 of that type”在更正式的英语中，such 可以用来指代前面提到的类型：-Some species of ants can find their way using the memory of how many steps they have taken.-Such navigation methods are actually fairly basic compared with others in the animal world. (Such navigation methods = methods of that type)通常我们这样使用 such，如 such + a/an + 单数名词，such + 复数名词或不可数名词，此时它经常用在no，the only，the few 或 the first等表达之后：- The library is free and open to the public 24 hours a day. It is the only such library in the city.
- The group will meet once a month to report on progress. The first such meeting will be held in April.
同样，在更正式的英语中，do so 可以用来表示“按照所提到的方式行事”。它是用来避免重复动词的：- Our company raised salaries, but few others in the sector did so.
- Employees who have agreed to work overtime should be prepared to do so this month.
- While some went vegan for the supposed health benefits, others reported doing so for ethical reasons.
同义词是指与另一个单词或短语具有相同含义的单词或短语。我们可以使用同义词来避免重复：- Air pollution is a significant problem in many European capitals. Urgent action needs to be taken on this worrying issue.
- Salmon use their sense of smell to travel back to the river where they were born. These aquatic homing missiles can travel hundreds of miles to return to their birthplace.
1. The company has built five self-heating houses that stay warm when the temperature is below zero. More _____ houses are planned for the new year.2. Customers were confused about how to book appointments. _____ surprising given all the recent changes to the system.a. These aren't b. This isn't3. Our results are similar to _____ achieved last year by a much bigger team.4. In 2016, my life changed completely ... (two paragraphs later) _____ life-changing event in 2016 meant that ...5. Most myths and legends have some element of truth in them. _____ explain why they have been around so long.a. This helps b. Those help6. Please notify the company if you change your address. Failure to do _____ may result in your insurance cover being temporarily interrupted.7. A cough, sore throat and runny nose can feel inevitable at this time of year. But scientists investigating the cold have proved that this common _____ can be avoided.8. _____ live in the area are delighted with the new car-free zones.Such 修饰名词，格式是：such + a/an + 单数名词、such + 复数名词或不可数名词，所以选 such。This 指代客户对如何预约感到困惑这件事，customers 和 appointments 不是什么新鲜或有趣的事，所以选 This isn't。Those 指定前面提到的 the results，是复数，所以选 Those。
That 表示稍后提到的进一步的想法，所以选 That。
This 指代大多数神话传说都有一些真实的成分这个事实，most myths and legends 或 element of truth 都不能单独成为它们存在这么久的原因，所以选 This helps。So 这里表示按照某种方式做事，而不是做某一类的事（do such，即不是 change the address，也不是 notify the company），所以选 so。
根据句意，应该是避免疾病，而非治疗，所以选 illness。
Those who 相当于 the people who。
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