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第四堵墙
2014-06-05 | 阅:  转:  |  分享 
  
第四堵墙

戏剧表演理论.17世纪初在意大利出现了镜框式舞台,将戏剧表演区限定在舞台台口的矩形框架以内,于是舞台变成了三向度的空间,而台上的三面墙则使用了箱式透视布影,它给观众的欣赏造成了隔离的幻觉,仿佛戏剧与观众是彼此独立的存在,为一面无形的墙壁所遮挡.19世纪以后,西方写实主义戏剧发展,“三面墙”的布景形式日趋定型,而出于表现普通人生活和日常事件的需要,戏剧舞台的幻觉真实性被强调,人们热衷于再现现实的人生和逼真的景象,于是在戏剧艺术创作中,则出现了假想的“第四堵墙”。这一概念最早由19世纪末,法国自由剧院的剧作家和发言人让.柔琏率先提出,他认为,这无形的第四堵墙就挺立于舞台前沿,他对于观众是透明的,而对于演言则是不透明的,在剧场中戏剧应当创造真实的舞台幻觉,在假定性的前提下,使观众置身于第四堵墙之外,对舞台上的一切产生真实感,忘记自己是在欣赏戏剧,就仿佛是在观看一件正在发生的事件;而演员的表演则被封闭在第四堵墙之内,他们应当以角色的身份生活在舞台上,潜心于角色的塑造和体现的过程,显现现实生活的全貌而不必理睬观众的反映.第四堵墙的戏剧表演理论在西方引起过很大的反响,一批现实主义戏剧家如易卜生、契诃夫、萧伯纳等人所创作的剧作,在演出中都曾遵循和运用过这一理论,并力图在舞台上创造出现实生活的真实幻象,而著名的俄罗斯戏剧导演斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基、聂米罗维奇——丹钦柯以及中国的导演焦菊隐,在艺术实践中,都创造性地发挥了这一理论..17TurnofthecenturydramatheoryemergedinItalyframe-stylestage,dramaperformanceareaswillbelimitedtothemouthofthestagesetswithintheframeworkoftherectangle,sothestageintothreedimensionsofspace,whilethestage3ofthetankwallisusedtypeperspectiveclothshadow,itgivestheaudiencehascreatedtheillusionofisolation,asiftheateraudiencesareindependentofeachothertheexistenceoftheinvisiblewallforthesideobscuredby.19century,Westernrealismdramadevelopment,the"threewalls"ofthesettheformofincreasinglystereotyped,butbecauseoftheperformanceofordinarylifeandtheneedsofdailyevents,theaterstage,theillusionofauthenticityisemphasized,itiskeentoreproducethereallifeandrealisticscenes,soindramaticart,theemergenceofahypotheticalthe"fourthwall."Thisconceptwasfirstproposedbythelate19thcentury,theFrenchplaywrightandfreetheaterspokesmanJean.SoftLienwasfirstputforwardhisview,thisinvisiblefourthwallstandoutonstageonthefront,heistransparentfortheaudience,andforspeechstatementisopaque,inthetheatershouldcreateatruetheatricalstageillusion,inthehypothetical''spremise,sothatexposuretotheaudiencebeyondthefourthwall,tocreaterealismonthestageofall,forgetthattheyareintheirappreciationofdrama,islikewatchinganeventtakingplace;theactorsperformanceswereenclosedwithinthewallinthefourth,theyshouldbetheroleoftheidentityoflivinginthearena,withgreatconcentrationontheroleofshapeandreflecttheprocess,showreal-lifepictureanddonothavetopayattentiontotheaudiencereflected.fourthwalloftheaterperformancesintheWestarousedmuchtheoreticalresponse,agroupofrealistdramatistssuchasIbsen,Chekhov,Shawandothershavecreateddramaas,duringtheperformancehavebeenfollowedandappliedthistheoryandattempttocreateonstagetherealillusionofreallife,whiletherenownedRussiantheaterdirectorStanislavsky,NieMirovic-DanQinkeandChinadirectorJiaoJuyininartpractice,bothcreativelyplayedthetheory.



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