第五节noun1+prep+noun2+nounmodifier没有歧义，先修饰noun2,noun2不合理的时
候可以跳跃修饰noun1.Accordingtotwoteamsofpaleontologists,recent
fossildiscoveriesinPakistanshowthatwhales,porpoises,and
dolphinsaremorecloselyrelatedtosomeoftheoldestknowneve
n-toedungulates--agroupofhoofedmammalsthattodayincludesc
ows,camels,pigs,andhippos--thantoanyothermammals.(A)that
whales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremorecloselyrelatedtosome
oftheoldestknowneven-toedungulates--agroupofhoofedmamma
lsthattodayincludescows,camels,pigs,andhippos--than(B)t
hatwhales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremorecloselyrelatedtos
omeoftheoldestknowneven-toedungulates--agroupofhoofedma
mmalsthattodayincludecows,camels,pigs,andhippos—as?(C)wh
ales,porpoises,anddolphinstobemorecloselyrelatedtosome
oftheoldestknowneven-toedungulates--agroupofhoofedmammal
sthattodayincludecows,camels,pigs,andhippos--thantheyar
e(D)whales,porpoises,anddolphinsasbeingmorecloselyrelate
dtosomeoftheoldestknowneven-toedungulates--agroupofhoo
fedmammalsthattodayincludescows,camels,pigs,andhippos--a
stheyare(E)whales,porpoises,anddolphinsasmorecloselyrel
atedtosomeoftheoldestknowneven-toedungulates--agroupof
hoofedmammalsthattodayincludecows,camels,pigs,andhippos—
thanCDE:名词加从句比短语要好AB:morethanB:mammals不能包括cows,camels,pig
s.ASubgroupmodifier也是名词修饰语用于表示一整个群体中部分个体的特征。常见subgroup词语有：some
,each,half,one,many,much,all,almost…ThisModelexplainsal
lknownsubatomicparticles,someofwhichwereonlyrecentlydis
covered.ThisModelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someo
fwhichonlyrecentlydiscovered.XThisModelexplainsallknown
subatomicparticles,someofthemonlyrecentlydiscovered.相当于Som
eoftheparticles,这个句子是对的，有引导词的一定要出现谓语没有引导词的一定不能出现谓语，只能是名词修饰语15
.Inhisexperimentswithgravity,IsaacNewtonshowedhowthemo
tionofeachplanetinthesolarsystemresultsfromthecombined
gravitationalpulloftheSunandofalltheotherplanets,each
contributingaccordingtotheirmassanddistancefromtheother
s.?(A)ofalltheotherplanets,eachcontributingaccordingtoth
eir(B)ofalltheotherplanets,witheachofthemcontributingac
cordingtotheir(C)alltheotherplanets,eachofwhichcontribut
ingaccordingtoits(D)alltheotherplanets,eachcontributinga
ccordingtoits(E)alltheotherplanets,eachofwhichcontribute
accordingtotheir当发现几个split的时候要考虑哪个，如果从平行考虑觉得要补出of,还要继续看后面的sp
lit,如果是each，后面跟着应该是单数，its,单复数是绝对错误，因此要先用单复数来做而不是平行。排除their,AB
E.C:which要有谓语，排除。AB:combinationofaandbcombinationofaan
d(combination)ofb:单独的a或者b都不能表示combine的意思。DNakedmolerats
formcoloniesofapproximatelytwentyanimals,eachofwhichcon
sistsofasinglereproductivefemaleandworkersthatdefendher
.(A)eachofwhichconsists(B)witheachofthemconsisting(C)ea
chcolonyconsisting(D)andeachofthemconsist(E)andeachcol
onyconsisting跳跃修饰可以跳跃介词结构，但一般不允许跳跃谓语去修饰主语。A:animalsconsistof
femaleandworkers,不符合逻辑，应该修饰groups，也是可以的。B:them可以指代colonie
s,先保留，不要优先考虑歧义的问题C:看到C的结构就排除AB,因为C很清楚，AB虽然指代也ok但是出现了歧义D:e
achofthemconsistsE:consisting,缺谓语法二：将ABC看做一组，DE看做一组有and。从题
干的意思和逻辑出发，后半句子是解释前面的，平行是独立互补干涉，修饰是紧密联系的，因此这里应该选择修饰，排除DE.C关系代词引导的从
句that/which不能指代人whose可以指代人或者物体Who(主语)/whom(宾语)which和whom
前面可以加介词（加介词变成了介词结构，一定不能做主语）/不加介词that和whom作为从句宾语的时候可以省略/可以不省略w
here用于表示具体的物理位置when的用法Authoritativeparentsaremorelikelythan
permissiveparentstohavechildrenwhoasadolescentsareself-
confident,highinself-esteem,andresponsiblyindependent.(A)
Authoritativeparentsaremorelikelythanpermissiveparentsto
havechildrenwhoasadolescentsareself-confident,highinsel
f-esteem,andresponsiblyindependent.(B)Authoritativeparents
whoaremorelikelythanpermissiveparentstohaveadolescentc
hildrenthatareself-confident,highinself-esteem,andrespons
iblyindependent.(C)Childrenofauthoritativeparents,rather
thanpermissiveparents,arethemorelikelytobeself-confident
,haveahighself-esteem,andtoberesponsiblyindependentasa
dolescents.(D)Childrenwhoseparentsareauthoritativerather
thanbeingpermissive,aremorelikelytohaveself-confidence,a
highself-esteem,andberesponsiblyindependentwhentheyarea
nadolescent.(E)Ratherthanpermissiveparents,thechildreno
fauthoritativeparentsarethemorelikelytohaveself-confiden
ce,ahighself-esteem,andtoberesponsiblyindependentasana
dolescent.B:缺谓语;that修饰childrenCDE:不平行tobe,have,tobe;to
have,self-esteem,andbe;have,self-esteem,andtobeEBluegra
ssmusicianBillMonroe,whoserepertory,viewsonmusicalcollab
oration,andvocalstylewereinfluentialongenerationsofblueg
rassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatinc
ludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignif
icantlyfromhisown.(A)wereinfluentialongenerationsofblueg
rassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatinc
ludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignif
icantlyfrom(B)influencedgenerationsofbluegrassartists,also
inspiredmanymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarci
a,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfrom(C)wasinfluentialto
generationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoinspirationaltomany
musicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemu
sicwasdifferentsignificantlyincomparisonto(D)wasinfluenti
altogenerationsofbluegrassartists,alsoinspiredmanymusici
ans,whoincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,themusicofwh
omdifferedsignificantlywhencomparedto(E)wereaninfluenceo
ngenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtoma
nymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemus
icwassignificantlydifferentfromthatof分析清楚句子结构，bluegrassw
asCD:whose后面三个名词构成符合主语，要用were,was主谓不一致。A:that指人，排除BE:多了th
atof.From后面加名词，hisown省略了music,因此thatof多余。B18.Accordingt
osomeanalysts,thegainsinthestockmarketreflectgrowingco
nfidence?thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatmanyhad
fearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcome?infora“softlandin
g,”followedbyagradualincreaseinbusinessactivity.(A)thatt
heeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatmanyhadfearedearlier
intheyearandinsteadcome(B)intheeconomytoavoidtherecess
ion,whatmanyfearedearlierintheyear,rathertocome?(C)int
heeconomy’sabilitytoavoidtherecession,somethingearlierin
theyearmanyhadfeared,andinsteadtocome?(D)intheeconomy
toavoidtherecessionmanywerefearingearlierintheyear,and
rathertocome(E)thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthat
wasfearedearlierthisyearbymany,withitinsteadcoming通过从句
和单词的split排除BCD,仅次于主谓一致之后的排除优先级顺序。AE:and和with的split,考虑一下句子前
后两部分是平行还是修饰。从提干意思出发，想表达的意思是经济情况的先后两个动作。且修饰是同向的。A；that在从句做宾语的时候可以
省略也可以不省略。thattheeconomywillavoidtherecessionthatmanyhad
fearedearlierintheyearandinsteadcome(manyhadfearedthat
)这里没有that也是正确的。A19.WhenCongressreconvenes,somenewlyelecte
dmembersfromruralstateswilltryandestablishtighterrestri
ctionsfortheamountofgrainfarmersaretobeallowedtogrow
andtoencouragemoreaggressivesalesofUnitedStatesfarmprod
uctsoverseas.(A)andestablishtighterrestrictionsfortheamoun
tofgrainfarmersaretobeallowedtogrowandtoencourage(B)a
ndestablishtighterrestrictionsontheamountofgrainableto
begrownbyfarmersandencouraging(C)establishingtighterrestri
ctionsfortheamountofgrainfarmersareallowedtogrowandto
encourage(D)toestablishtighterrestrictionsontheamountofg
raincapableofbeinggrownbyfarmersandencouraging(E)toes
tablishtighterrestrictionsontheamountofgrainfarmerswill
beallowedtogrowandtoencourageAbletodo,capableofdoing,
Iamabletoswim,Iamabletobeswam(x)Abletobedone必错Try
doing,习语搭配错误，排除C。Tryanddo尝试和建立，语意模糊，排除AB。DE:toestablishand
toencourage,D不平行.不是togrowandtoencourage,因为农民不可能encoura
ge.Etoestablishtighterrestrictionsontheamountofgrainth
atfarmerswillbeallowedtogrowandtoencourageEUnlikeemerge
ncycallsthattravelthroughregulartelephonelines,wherethey
thusautomaticallyinformtheoperatorofthelocationandphone
numberofthecaller,cellularcallsrequireemergencyoperators
todeterminethelocationofthecaller.(A)lines,wheretheyth
usautomaticallyinformtheoperatorofthelocationandphonenu
mberofthecaller,cellularcallsrequireemergencyoperatorsto
determinethelocationofthecaller(B)linesandthusautomatic
allyinformtheoperatorofthelocationandphonenumberofthe
caller,cellularcallsrequireemergencyoperatorstodeterminet
helocationofthecaller(C)lines,thusautomaticallyinforming
theoperatorofthelocationandphonenumberofthecaller,the
locationofthecalleronacellularphonehastobedeterminedb
ytheoperator(D)lines,andthusautomaticallyinformtheoperat
orofthelocationandphonenumberofthecaller,emergencyoper
atorshavetodeterminethelocationofthecellularphonecaller
(E)lines,thusautomaticallyinformingtheoperatorofthelocat
ionandphonenumberofthecaller,emergencyoperatorsreceiving
acellularcallhavetodeterminethelocationofthecaller主谓搭配
，unlikeemergencycalls,因此主句主语应该是cellularcalls,排除CDEAB比较，wher
e指代具体的物理地点。判断方法：假设where可以指代前面的名词，看where引导的句子能不能发生在这个名词上。Operat
orinform这件事不能发生在电话线上，人不能在电话线上。Curiosity,population,这些不可能是物理位置
的词语，可以马上排除where.BWhen的用法如果给出时间的提示，用作nounmodifier就近修饰名词（时间）：E.g.
In1997,whenHongKongwasreturnedtoChina,peopleallovert
hemainlandwasthrilled.用作状语从句的引导词：E.g.Iplayedcomputergames
whenIatesupper.Regardlessoftheirformorfunction,allaero
dynamicallyenhanced,curvedobjectsmadeforthrowinghavebeen
calledboomerangsbynon-Australianseversince1788,whenEurope
anssawDharug-speakingmentossing"bumariny"inthearealater
knownasSydney.(A)Regardlessoftheirformorfunction,allaer
odynamicallyenhanced,curvedobjectsmadeforthrowinghavebeen
calledboomerangsbynon-Australianseversince1788,(B)Regardl
essoftheirformorfunction,anyaerodynamicallyenhanced,curv
edobjectmadeforthrowinghasbeencalledaboomerangbynon-Au
stralianseversince1788,(C)Eversince1788,non-Australiansha
vecalledallaerodynamicallyenhanced,curvedobjectsmadefort
hrowingboomerangs,regardlessoftheirformorfunction,from(D)
Eversince1788,anyaerodynamicallyenhanced,curvedobjectmad
eforthrowinghasbeencalledaboomerangbynon-Australians,re
gardlessofitsformorfunction,from?(E)Non-Australianshavec
alledallaerodynamicallyenhanced,curvedobjectsmadeforthrow
ingboomerangseversince1788,regardlessoftheirformorfunct
ion,from1788作出了提示，因此1788要紧跟when,排除CDEAB:主谓一致，theirformor
function对应allobjects.AWhen和if的区别绝大多数情况下两者可以互换；不要优先考虑这个知识点。
下列两种情况下不能使用when：所提及的事情并不会在特定的时间点发生；E.g.Ifyouwereawoman,the
olderexecutivesmaynotspeaktoyouashonestlyastheywillto
men.主句和从句的动作没有在同一时间发生。When经常表示的是同时的情况。E.g.Ifyousmokecigaret
tes,youwilldieofcancer.限定修饰语/非限定修饰语辨别方式：有无“一对逗号”隔开。插入语不会影响句子
结构和意思。考察方式：通过非限定修饰和限定修饰的互换来改变句意，甚至把句子的意思变得不合理Iseealotboys,wh
oarehandsome,onthebeach.插入语，说明总体不存在差异，沙滩上的男生都是帅的。Iseealot
boyswhoarehandsomeonthebeach.Boyswhoarehandsome,说明限定了只
看帅哥，沙滩上是有不帅的人。20.Gall’shypothesis?oftherebeingdifferentment
alfunctionslocalizedindifferentpartsofthebrainiswidely
acceptedtoday.(A)oftherebeingdifferentmentalfunctionslocal
izedindifferentpartsofthebrainiswidelyacceptedtoday(B)o
fdifferentmentalfunctionsthatarelocalizedindifferentpart
softhebrainiswidelyacceptedtoday(C)thatdifferentmentalf
unctionsarelocalizedindifferentpartsofthebrainiswidely
acceptedtoday(D)whichisthattherearedifferentmentalfunctio
nslocalizedindifferentpartsofthebrainiswidelyacceptedt
oday(E)whichiswidelyacceptedtodayisthattherearedifferent
mentalfunctionslocalizedindifferentpartsofthebrain句子和短语的
区别是可以优先考虑的split,且therebe只能强调名词，直接排除ABDE.题外话：题干的意思是某个假设被广泛接受，而E
,whichiswidelyaccepted作出了限定，说明gall的假设有被广泛接受，也有不被接受的。TheBrit
ishsociologistandactivistBarbaraWoottononcenotedasahumo
rousexampleofincomemaldistributionthattheelephantthatgav
eridestochildrenattheWhipsnadeZoowasearningannuallyexa
ctlywhatshethenearnedasdirectorofadulteducationforLond
on.(A)thattheelephantthatgaveridestochildrenattheWhips
nadeZoowasearning(B)thattheelephant,givingridestochildr
enattheWhipsnadeZoo,hadbeenearning(C)thattherewasanel
ephantgivingridestochildrenattheWhipsnadeZoo,anditearn
ed(D)theelephantthatgaveridestochildrenattheWhipsnadeZ
ooandwasearning(E)theelephantgivingridestochildrenatth
eWhipsnadeZooandthatitearned成分后置：把成分长的部分挪到后面去。习语搭配，regard
AasY,=regardasYA,Toreadthebookisinteresting=itis
interestingtoreadthebook通过句子就能看出来后置，如果只看到当作y,那就表示把。。。当作这个部分
被放在了后面。CDE:都是强调elephant,elephant不是一个例子，应该加一个句子，大象怎么样。。做为一个例子。A
B:一个很大的区别在于限定与非限定性从句，B是个插入语，总体没有差异，说明所有的大象都可以被人骑，逻辑意思不符。法二：从时态上
面考虑区别。一般过去时比较好。但是过去完成进行时和过去时态不在同一个时间轴上，表示的是在过去的过去赚钱。AAdverbialmo
difier状语从句的省略具体形式：although/though/if/since/when/while/
after/before…+ving/ved,Subject+Verb+Object，提供额外的信息和补充
。做题思路：主句主语是否和Ving/Ved构成合理的主动/被动关系。看看和主语搭配是否合理。E.g.AfterIatesup
per，Iplayedcomputergames.→Aftereatingsupper，Iplayedcompu
tergames.主句主语和从句省略部分的ving搭配合理（ving表示主动Noun+Havingdone,havin
gbeendone,必错。Although/though/if+havingdone/havingbeen
done必错21.Theresultsofthecompany’scost-cuttingmeasuresare
evidentinitsprofits,?whichincreased5percentduringthefir
st3monthsofthisyearafteritfell?overthelasttwoyears.(A
)whichincreased5percentduringthefirst3monthsofthisyear
afteritfell(B)whichhadincreased5percentduringthefirst3
monthsofthisyearafterithadfallen(C)whichhaveincreased5
percentduringthefirst3monthsofthisyearafterfalling(D)w
itha5percentincreaseduringthefirst3monthsofthisyeara
fterfalling(E)witha5percentincreaseduringthefirst3month
softhisyearafterhavingfallenAB:it考虑前文有无合理的指代，it应该指代profi
ts,是复数，排除AB.E:afterhavingdone必错结构CD:状语从句省略主语要考虑和主句主语的搭配问题
。which是引导词，afterfalling搭配which的引导词;with不能跟谓语，不是引导词，此时这个句子的主
语theresults也是afterfalling的主语，resultsfall不是题干想要表达的内容。CResto
rerssaythatifallowedtoremoveandreplacethediscoloredlay
erofvarnishontheMonaLisa,thecolorsLeonardodaVincipain
tednearlyfivehundredyearsagowillonceagainshinethrough.(
A)If?(B)ifitis(C)iftheyare?(D)when(E)whenitis题干主句主语是th
ecolors,从句是allowedto,表达的意思是人被允许搬走，从句主句主语不一致的时候不能省略。CPolio,al
thoughitiseradicatedintheUnitedStates,itcontinueselsewh
ereandisabletobebroughtintothecountrybyvisitors.(A)Po
lio,althoughitiseradicatedintheUnitedStates,itcontinues
elsewhereandisabletobe(B)Polio,althougheradicatedinthe
UnitedStates,itstillcontinueselsewhereandcanbe(C)Althou
ghstillcontinuingelsewhere,poliohasbeeneradicatedintheU
nitedStatesandcouldbe(D)Althoughhavingbeeneradicatedint
heUnitedStates,poliostillcontinueselsewhereandiscapable
ofbeing(E)AlthougheradicatedintheUnitedStates,polioconti
nueselsewhereandcouldbeAB:Polio和it双主语，D:havingbeendone
,错误。CE:C的语法结构没有问题，但是意思上有差别。poliohasbeeneradicatedintheUni
tedStatesandcouldbe，后面有转折，被eradicated和couldbebrought是反向的
，不能用and连接。E第六节noun+ving→ving作为nounmodifier就近修饰noun.Subject
,ving,Verb+Object→ving,SVO→ving作为openingmodifier就近修饰sub
ject.Ving不能当作插入语去掉，要理解为openingmodifierSubject+Verb+Object，
ving→adverbialmodifier修饰邻近的句子。前面是完整的句子；不一定要修饰主句，只要是邻近即可。comma
+ving的功能提供额外信息：offerextrainformation:Iatesupper,grabbing
somefood.表示结果：inevitableconsequences:Istudiedveryhard,grad
uatingfrommycollegeComma+ving要同时满足三大要求：和邻近句子主语搭配合理Iatesup
per,grabbingsomefood.Thesupperwaseatenbyme,grabbingsome
food(X)和邻近句子有逻辑联系Iatesupper,graduatingfrommycollege(X)和
主句谓语位于同一或者相邻时间轴Someanthropologistsbelievethatthegenetichom
ogeneityevidentintheworld’speopleistheresultofa“popula
tionbottleneck”—atsometimeinthepastourancestorssuffered
anevent,greatlyreducingtheirnumbers?andthusourgeneticvar
iation.(A)atsometimeinthepastourancestorssufferedaneven
t,greatlyreducingtheirnumbers(B)thatatsometimeinthepast
ourancestorssufferedaneventthatgreatlyreducedtheirnumbe
rs(C)thatsometimeinthepastourancestorssufferedanevents
othattheirnumbersweregreatlyreduced,(D)sometimeinthepas
tourancestorssufferedaneventfromwhichtheirnumberswereg
reatlyreduced(E)sometimeinthepast,thatourancestorssuffer
edaneventsoastoreducetheirnumbersgreatly,A:greatlyredu
cing,修饰邻近句子，ancestorreduce,不符合逻辑。CD:注意到andthusourgenetic
variation句子和短语不能平行。E:soasto表示目的B23.The32speciesthatmake
upthedolphinfamilyarecloselyrelatedtowhalesandinfact?i
ncludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe
30feetlongandis?famousforitsaggressivehuntingpods.?(A)i
ncludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe
30feetlongandis(B)includetheanimalknownasthekillerwha
le,growingasbigas30feetlongand(C)includetheanimalknown
asthekillerwhale,growingupto30feetlongandbeing?(D)inc
ludestheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowasbig
as30feetlongandis(E)includestheanimalknownasthekil
lerwhale,whichcangrowtobe30feetlonganditis找句子主干，the3
2speciesarecloselyrelatedtoandinclude,因此include应该是复数，排除D
E.thatmakeupthedolphinfamily修饰BC:The32speciesinclude…,
growing:和邻近句子没有逻辑关系，搭配不合理。B:asbigas30feetlong,不能说和尺寸一样大。
AAbout5millionacresintheUnited?Stateshavebeeninvadedby
leafyspurge,aherbaceousplantfromEurasiawithmilkysaptha
tgivesmouthsorestocattle,displacinggrassesandothercattl
efoodandrendering?rangelandworthless.(A)Stateshavebeenin
vadedbyleafyspurge,aherbaceousplantfromEurasiawithmilky
sapthatgivesmouthsorestocattle,displacinggrassesandoth
ercattlefoodandrendering(B)Stateshavebeeninvadedbyleaf
yspurge,aherbaceousplantfromEurasia,withmilkysap,thatg
ivesmouthsorestocattleanddisplacesgrassesandothercattle
food,rendering(C)Stateshavebeeninvadedbyleafyspurge,a
herbaceousplantfromEurasiahavingmilkysapthatgivesmouths
orestocattleanddisplacinggrassesandothercattlefood,rend
ering(D)States,havingbeeninvadedbyleafyspurge,aherbaceo
usplantfromEurasiawithmilkysapthatgivesmouthsorestoca
ttle,displacesgrassesandothercattlefood,andrenders(E)St
ates,havingbeeninvadedbyleafyspurge,aherbaceousplantfro
mEurasiathathasmilkysapgivingmouthsorestocattleanddis
placinggrassesandothercattlefood,renderingDE:缺谓语A:sapgiv
esmouthsores,displacinggrass,sap让奶牛的嘴有淤青，不能推出grass没了，二者没有逻
辑联系。B:sapgivesmouthsoresanddisplacesgrass,导致牧地没有用了BAnew
satellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000mi
lesiscalledPOLAR,givingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthe
magnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluence
ofEarth’smagneticfield.(A)Anewsatellitesweepingoverthe
polesataltitudesofupto32,000milesiscalledPOLAR,giving
scientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregion
ofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.
(B)AnewsatellitecalledPOLARthatisgivingscientiststheir
bestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceunderthe
invisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,sweepingoverthe
polesataltitudesofupto32,000miles.(C)Scientistsareget
tingtheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspac
eundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,froma
newsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,0
00milescalledPOLAR.(D)Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudeso
fupto32,000miles,anewsatellitecalledPOLARisgivingscie
ntiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofsp
aceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.(E)
Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles,scien
tists’bestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceun
dertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,iscoming
fromanewsatellitecalledPOLAR.A:satelliteiscalledPolar和后
面句子没有直接的逻辑关系B:缺谓语E:sweepingandscientist’sbestlook搭配错。CD比较，
C中calledPOLAR离satellite太远。DIn1923,theSupremeCourtdeclared
aminimumwageforwomenandchildrenintheDistrictofColumbia
asunconstitutional,andrulingthatitwasaformofprice-fixi
ngand,assuch,anabridgmentoftherightofcontract.(A)theS
upremeCourtdeclaredaminimumwageforwomenandchildreninth
eDistrictofColumbiaasunconstitutional,and(B)theSupremeCo
urtdeclaredasunconstitutionalaminimumwageforwomenandchi
ldrenintheDistrictofColumbia,and(C)theSupremeCourtdecla
redunconstitutionalaminimumwageforwomenandchildreninthe
DistrictofColumbia,(D)aminimumwageforwomenandchildreni
ntheDistrictofColumbiawasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheS
upremeCourt,(E)whentheSupremeCourtdeclaredaminimumwagef
orwomenandchildrenintheDistrictofColumbiaasunconstituti
onal,AB:and前后不平行E:when引导从句，缺少主句D:aminimumwage和ruling搭配不合
理CWith的用法：Subject+Verb+Object,withSubject+Verb+Object
with两种表达方式都有歧义，都可以做nounandadverbialmodifierEg.ImetTom,wi
thsomeflowers/ImetTomwithsomeflowers.根据句意判断需要nounorad
verbialmodifier?对照选项的区别判断，有更好的没有歧义的选项时不选withArecentsurveyshow
edthatwhilemanybankshaveservicechargesoninterest-bearing
andnon-interest-bearingaccountswithbalancesthatarefalling
belowasetminimum,somebanksprovidevirtuallyfreechecking
regardlessoftheaccountbalance.?(A)withbalancesthatarefall
ingbelow(B)whosebalancesfallbelow(C)whosebalancesfallbelo
wthatof(D)thathavebalancesbelowthatof?(E)thathavebalance
sthatfallbelowthoseofCDE:balance低于最小值就可以，thatof,thoseof
无指代。AB:分析这里需要的是nounmodifier还是adverbialmodifier.此时需要修饰的是账户的
余额，需要的是名词修饰语，with有两种情况，不如whose好。AB方法二：fallingbelow进行时，表达的意思是正
在低于最小值，不符合意思。BStarfish,withanywherefromfivetoeightarms,ha
veastrongregenerativeability,andif?onearmislostitquick
lyreplacesit,sometimesbytheanimalovercompensatingand?grow
inganextraoneortwo.(A)onearmislostitquicklyreplacesit
,sometimesbytheanimalovercompensatingand(B)onearmislost
itisquicklyreplaced,withtheanimalsometimesovercompensatin
gand(C)theyloseonearmtheyquicklyreplaceit,sometimesbyt
heanimalovercompensating,(D)theyloseonearmtheyarequickly
replaced,withtheanimalsometimesovercompensating,(E)theylose
onearmitisquicklyreplaced,sometimeswiththeanimaloverco
mpensating,CDE:结尾没有补出and,因此growing作adverbialmodifier修饰前面邻近的句
子。可是前面邻近的是介词结构，因此逻辑混乱。A:starfishhave,因此starfish是复数，it错。B:wit
h没有歧义，前面都没有宾语，只能adverbialmodifier修饰itisquicklyreplaced.AB对
比：Bydoing:表示完成一件事情的方式。Eg.IstudyGMATbysolvingproblems.A选
项说的是一只手臂丢失了会替换一个新的，通过overcompensating的动作完成这个替换过程，这只能是compensate
而不是overcompensate.B选项中的with就表示的是补充额外信息。Bwith和S,VING,VO的区别Thei
ntricatestructureofthecompoundinsecteye,?havinghundredsof
miniatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplainwhyscientistshav
eassumedthatit?evolvedindependentlyofthevertebrateeye.(A)
havinghundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplain
whyscientistshaveassumedthatit(B)havinghundredsofminiatur
eeyesthatarecalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistsha
veassumedthatthey(C)withitshundredsofminiatureeyesthata
recalledommatidia,helpsexplainscientists’assumingthatthey
(D)withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexp
lainscientists’assumingthatit(E)withitshundredsofminiatur
eeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassume
dthatitIntricatestructure单数做主语，排除help,排除AD通过句子意思理解，It指代com
poundinsecteye,而不是structureorminiatureeyes，排除they,BC.不要优先用
havingandwith这个排除点,AB里面的having,夹在主谓中间，做openingmodifier修饰主
语structure,既structurehaveeyes.With是名词修饰语，因为前面只是一个名词结构，没有歧义。
EAppositive同位语/absoluteclause独立主格形式：noun+nounmodifier功能：n
ounmodifier&adverbialmodifier根据句意判断是做哪个修饰语，不存在歧义InJuly1965
MarinerIVpassedbyMarsandtookthefirst-everclose-upphoto
graphsofanotherplanet,whichshowedthattheMartiansurfacew
aslikethatoftheMoon''sinthatitwaspockmarkedbymoonlike
cratersandwasdryandapparentlydead.(A)whichshowedthatthe
MartiansurfacewaslikethatoftheMoon''sinthatitwaspockm
arkedbymoonlikecratersandwasdryandapparentlydead(B)whic
hshowedadry,apparentlydeadMartiansurface,anditwaspockm
arkedbycratersliketheMoonhas(C)whichshowedtheMartiansu
rfaceasadry,apparentlydeadone,whichwaspockmarkedwithcr
aterssuchastheMoon''s(D)photosshowingtheMartiansurfaceto
bethatoftheMoon''s,dryandapparentlydead,anditwaspockm
arkedbymoonlikecraters(E)photosthatshowedadry,apparently
deadMartiansurfacepockmarkedwithcraterslikethoseontheM
oonABC:which作名词修饰语就近修饰anotherplanet,不合理。Which可以跳跃修饰photos,但
是通过选项的区别DE更好。DE:thatof指代surface,变成了surfaceoftheMoon’ssur
face,重复。E:photos(noun)+thatshowed…(nounmodifier)一起做名词修饰语
来修饰前面的photographs.ESixty-fivemillionyearsago,accordingtosom
escientists,anasteroidbiggerthanMountEverestslammedinto
NorthAmerica,which,causingplantandanimalextinctions,marks
theendofthegeologiceraknownastheCretaceousPeriod.(A)wh
ich,causingplantandanimalextinctions,marks(B)whichcausedt
heplantandanimalextinctionsandmarks(C)andcausingplantand
animalextinctionsthatmark(D)aneventthatcausedplantandan
imalextinctions,whichmarks(E)aneventthatcausedtheplantandanimalextinctionsthatmark看到which的split,就近修饰NorthAmerica,排除ABC:andcausing不平行DE:which和that都是名词修饰语，extinctions是复数，应该用mark.E:做副词修饰语修饰前面一整句话ESoundcantravelthroughwaterforenormousdistances,preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultofboundariesintheoceancreatedbywaterlayersofdifferenttemperaturesanddensities.(A)preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultof?(B)preventedfromhavingitsacousticenergydissipatedby(C)itsacousticenergypreventedfromdissipatingby(D)itsacousticenergypreventedfrombeingdissipatedasaresultof(E)preventingitsacousticenergyfromdissipatingbyAB:prevented是名词修饰语就近修饰distances,搭配错。E:preventing修饰整个句子，和sound搭配，声音阻止声音的能量，不符合逻辑。CD:Apizzawaseatenbyme/apizzawaseatenasaresultofme.Acousticenergy被消散，应该用by.C:itsacousticenergy做副词修饰语来修饰前面一整句话，解释声音的传播。CFoundonlyintheWesternHemisphereandsurvivingthroughextremesofclimate,hummingbirds’rangeextendsfromAlaskatoTierradelFuego,fromsealevelrainforeststotheedgesofAndeansnowfieldsandicefieldsataltitudesof15,000feet.(A)FoundonlyintheWesternHemisphereandsurvivingthroughextremesofclimate,hummingbirds’rangeextends(B)FoundonlyintheWesternHemisphere,hummingbirdssurvivethroughextremesofclimate,theirrangeextending(C)Hummingbirds,foundonlyintheWesternHemisphereandsurvivingthroughextremesofclimate,withtheirrangeextending(D)Hummingbirds,foundonlyintheWesternHemisphereandsurvivingthroughextremesofclimate,theirrangeextends(E)HummingbirdsarefoundonlyintheWesternHemisphere,survivethroughextremesofclimate,andtheirrangeextendsA:foundandhummingbird’srange，搭配不合理C:缺谓语D:hummingbirdsandtheirrange同一个句子里出现了两个主语E:不平行，arefound,surviveandtheirrangeextends.如果理解为两个句子平行,arefound内部BRESTRICTEDRESTRICTEDRESTRICTED |
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