1
2021 考 研 英 语 模 拟 卷 （ 二 ）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person whois _1_ only among those with whom he is acquainted. When a stranger is at present, he oftenseems nervous, _2_ embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to_3_ the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers ordozing in a corner; hardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quite offensive. _4_,there is no such a written rule, a commonly understood code of behavior which, _5_ broken,
makes the offender immediately the object of _6_.It has been known as a fact that a British has a _7_ for the discussion of their weather andthat, if given a chance, he will talk about it_8_. Some people argue that it is because the Britishweather seldom _9_ forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and _10_ to everyone. Thismay be so. _11_ a British cannot have much _12_ in the weathermen, who, after promising fine,sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong _13_ a cloud over the Atlantic bringsrainy weather to all districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate— or as inaccurate— asthe weathermen in his _14_.Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references _15_ weather that the British maketo each other in the course of a single day. Very often conversational greetings are _16_ bycomments on the weather. "Nice day, isn''t it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Goodmorning, how are you?" _17_ the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it isworthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. _18_ he wants to start a
conversation with a British but is _19_ to know where to begin, he could do well to mention thestate of the weather. It is a safe subject which will _20_ an answer from even the most reserved ofthe British.1.A)relaxed B)frustrated C)amused D)exhausted2.A)yet B)otherwise C)even D)so3.A)experience B)witness) C)watch D)undergo4.A)In addition B) Since C)While D)Although5.A)spontaneously B)once C)severely D)permanently6.A) suspicion B) opposition C)criticism D)praise7.A)emotion B)fancy C)likeliness D)avoidance8.A)at length B)at once C)at large D)at last9.A)follows B)predicts C) defies D)supports
10.A)dedication B)compassion C)contemplation D)enthusiasm11.A)Nevertheless B)Also C)Therefore D)Unfortunately12.A)faith B)speculation C)honor D)credit13.A)even if B)until C)when D)whereas14.A)propositions B)predictions C)approval D)defiance心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
2
15.A)about B)on C)in D)to16.A)started B)conducted C)replaced D)proposed17.A)Since B)Although C)However D)Only if18.A)Even if B)Because C)If D)For19.A) at a loss B)at last C)in order D)on the occasion20.A)receive B)constitute C)furnish D)provokeSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （ 40 points）
Text 1Dieting, according to an old joke may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels thatway. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorierestriction—reducing an animal''s energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespanand delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results haveinspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthierlives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction withoutthe pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype (intensive publicity), it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown thatcalorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with thepublication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. This study,known as CALERTE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake ofEnergy), was sponsored by America''s National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women
aged between 25 and 50 and a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the secondgroup were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintaintheir weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were eitherof normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who wereclinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with thepossible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those onrestricted diets had lower insulin resistance and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that havebeen seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage totheir DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study''s
authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces ametabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone.Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associatedwith longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
3
semi-starvation.21. The evidence since the 1930s has inspired people to[A] live longer and healthier.[B] invent a calorie-restricting drug.[C] believe in calorie restriction.[D] get rid of constant hunger22. Which of the following is true about the CALERIE study?[A] It proves that calorie restriction works in humans.[B] It has 24 male subjects and the same number of female ones.[C] It is the first investigation into the effects of calorie restriction.[D] It lasted for six months and had the final results published.23. What makes the CALERIE study a significant one in the field?
[A] It used the subjects of both genders and different ages.[B] It selected people of normal weight as the subjects.[C] It rectified the misconception of dieting[D] It was systematic in research method and based on evidence24. By saying “CALERIE suggests these advantages are real (Line 1, Paragraph 4)", the author isdealing with the results of the study from a[A] general view.[B] subjective view.[C] macro view.[D] micro view25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] the metabolic adaptation solely resulted from weight loss.[B] the metabolic adaptation can be achieved by dieting.
[C] semi-starvation was seen as an effective means for weight loss.[D] people had no idea about the metabolic adaptation before CALERIE.Text 2Move over, organic, fair trade and free range— the latest in enlightened edibles is here: foodwith "embedded" positive intentions. While the idea isn''t new— cultures like the Navajo have beendoing it for centuries— for-profit companies in the U.S. and Canada are catching on, infusingproducts with good vibes through meditation, prayer and even music. Since 2006, Californiacompany H2Om has sold water infused with wishes for "love," "joy" and "perfect health" via thewords, symbols and colors on the label (which "create a specific vibratory frequency," accordingto co-founder Sandy Fox) and the restorative music played at their bottling warehouse. At CreoMundi, a Canadian maker of protein powder, employees gather around each shipment and statealoud the benefits they hope to infuse it with for their consumers-increased performance balance
and vitality.Intentional Chocolate, founded in 2007 by chocolatier Jim Walsh, uses a special recording deviceto capture the electromagnetic brain waves of meditating Tibetan monks; Walsh then exposes hisdesserts to the recording for five days per batch.We hear your eyes rolling. But some claim there''s actually something to the idea that humans心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
4
can alter the physical world with their minds, and they offer research to prove it. Dean Radin, asenior scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences in Petaluma, Calif., conducted a test in which, hesays, subjects who ate Intentional Chocolate improved their mood 67% compared with peoplewho ate regular chocolate. "If the Pope blessed water, everyone wants that water. But does itactually do something?" Radin asks. "The answer is yes, to a small extent."James Fallon, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at the University of California atIrvine School of Medicine, is skeptical. "So I take a rutabaga, a round yellow root vegetable with abrown or purple skin, and put it close to my head, and it somehow changes the food and improvesthe mood of the person who ate it?" he asks. "Nah."Trick or not, in this economy any product that promises a spiritual pick-me-up could be inhigh demand. Since the recession, says Phil Lempert, editor of health-food siteSupermarketguru.com "everyone is ready to jump off bridge." With the right marketing, he says,embedded foods "could be huge."
Still, not everyone is keen on the idea of packaging spirituality. Once the profit motive comesinto play, "it''s difficult to keep things pure,” George Churinoff, a monk at Deer Park BuddhistCenter in Oregon, Wis., who was involved with Intentional Chocolate in its early stages. "Then theproduct may not be blessed in any way with motivation except maybe to make money.”26. Food with "embedded" positive intentions is[A] brand-new in human cultures.[B] for meditation and prayer.[C] beneficial to human health.[D] fashionable in business circles.27. Intentional Chocolate is[A] using symbols on the label to infuse good wishes for the consumers.[B] asking its employees to mimic the meditating Tibetan monks.
[C] using a special device to get recordable meditation of monks.[D] trying to convince its consumers that the products are healthy.28. Dean Radin''s research shows that[A] Intentional Chocolate does improve the mood of some consumers.[B] the Pope blessed water is quite different from the ordinary water.[C] people''s mind will turn actual realities better.[D] people''s mood can be passed on through food.29. James Fallon holds that[A] a rutabaga is not powerful enough to change a person''s mood.[B] people cannot alter the physical reality with their minds.[C] if a person eats the blessed food, he will probably feel different.[D] human behaviors have nothing to do with the food they eat.30. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that
[A] food with "embedded" positive intentions is all the rage.[B] economic depression has pushed people to pay attention to health.[C] some people are afraid that embedded food might not be clean.[D] driven by money, the embedded food industry is likely to fail.心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
5
Text 3Nobel laureate Tim Hunt, who ignited a debate over sexism in science with his commentsabout women at a conference last month, will not be restored as an honorary professor atUniversity College London (UCL), the university has confirmed.Hunt resigned from his UCL position in the wake of comments made at the WorldConference of Science Journalists. "Let me tell you about my trouble with girls. Three thingshappen when they are in the lab... you fall in love with them, they fall in love with you, and whenyou criticize them they cry,” he told delegates — remarks that he said were intended to belight-hearted.Hunt faced loads of criticism and he also resigned from the Royal Society''s BiologicalScience Awards Committee. But some high-profile scientists said that his treatment had beendisproportionate, and petitions to have him restored emerged. Hunt''s critics also subsequentlyfaced a furious opposition online.
The controversy has shone a spotlight on the broader issue of sexism in science but has notyet led to specific changes at other UK universities, say academics."His comments will from now on make it far easier for everyone in academia to comprehendthat what we say and the way it is interpreted by others, not how we wanted it to be interpreted,foremost," says Alastair Edge, who chairs the physics department''s diversity and equalitycommittee at the University of Durham. Existing staff guidelines at UCL highlight this point andwould have contributed to the decisions the university made, he adds. "In my personal opinion,had a Durham scientist said equally unreconstructed nonsense then I hope he or she would havebeen treated similarly."Michele Clarke at the University of Nottingham says that although the Tim Hunt affair wasunfortunate, it hasn''t changed the group''s views or procedures. These already include training andawareness-raising, she notes.Discussion at a training event for senior women seeking career progression, which happened
around the time of Hunt''s remarks, "evoked some amused and amazed comments" but no calls fordirect action, Clarke says. "I think we all hope those attitudes are beginning to die out with ‘theold guard''.”Hunt''s comments have highlighted the issue of the underrepresentation of women in sciencein the mainstream media, says Jane Norman of the University of Edinburgh. But the universitywas already working hard in this area with a variety of measures, she says. These include targetingfunds to stimulate research by women returning from maternity leave, and by training senior staffand selection panel members about "unconscious bias"— a well-documented psychological effectexhibited by most people.31. Tim Hunt resigned from University College London because of[A] his severe criticism of the girls in his lab.[B] his failure to win a debate over sexism in science.
[C] his love affair with the girls in his lab.[D] his remarks with prejudices against women.32. Which of the following is true according to Paragraphs 3 and 4?[A] Hunt''s comment was accompanied with both supporters and opponents.[B] Hunt has applied for a restoration of his position in UCL.心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
6
[C] Hunt''s critics remained silent after facing a strong opposition online.[D] Other UK universities have taken measures to prevent such affairs.33. On which of the following wouldAlastair Edge probably agree?[A] It is of utmost importance for academia to understand others'' comments.[B] Anyone without constructive contribution should be fired like Tim Hunt.[C] The real intention of what you say might be misinterpreted by others.[D] Tim Hunt was not fairly treated by the University College of London.34. The underlined phrase "old guard" in Paragraph 7 refers to the ones who[A] are reluctant to change views toward women.[B] make amused and amazed comments online.[C] support women seeking career progression.[D] call for gender equality in the world of science.35. What did the University of Edinburgh do to fight against sexism in science?
[A] Highlight a new kind of equality training for women in science.[B] Launch a variety of advertising campaigns in the mainstream media.[C] Provide favourable terms for women scientists returning from maternity leave.[D] Avoid talking about the psychological effect called "unconscious bias".Text 4In a provocative research paper, economist Robert Gordon of Northwestern University askedif economic growth has essentially come to an end. He wondered if the rapid economic andtechnological growth of the past few centuries, so familiar to us today, might turn out to have beenonly temporary thing. It might largely be over, despite current belief in the wildly creative and"disruptive" nature of today''s high-tech industry.No one can truly see into the future, but it is possible to look back at data about the history oftechnologies, and of the inventions to which they gave rise, and to chart the pace of innovation
over time. A team of scientists has recently done this using patent data over more than 200 years,and their analysis suggests that there is something real to the notion that innovation is slowing.The discovery of completely new technologies does seem to be increasing less frequent. MaybeGordon has a point.After 1870, the nature of invention changed — people slowed in their invention of newtechnologies, but turned out new inventions just as quickly as before by putting old technologiestogether in new ways. Since then the process of invention has been driven almost entirely bycombining existing technologies. The research also shows that in this combinatorial era, inventionseems to have conformed to a fairly regular law reflecting a balance between exploitation ofexisting ideas and exploration for new ones. Consistently, over the past 150 years, roughly 40% ofinventions have reused a previously existing combination of technologies, whereas 60% haveintroduced a totally new combination of technologies.All in all, this analysis shows that the introduction of new technologies— currently, and also
for quite a while in, the recent past— plays a minimal role in fuelling invention. This is at leastconsistent with Gordon''s assertion that we''ve found and mastered the easy, "low hanging"technologies, and that the advance of technology could be slower in the future, or at leastincremental.If so, it''s likely that the slowing pace of innovation will have big consequences for economic心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
7
organization, as today''s economies require rapid innovation. Alternatively, perhaps we only awaitthe moment when we break through into some new domain of science, radically different fromanything we currently envision, where easy innovation again becomes possible. There arecertainly promising domains, such as synthetic biology or nano science. Or maybe we''ll find rapidinnovation where we truly need it most— not in physics and engineering, but in technologies fortackling social problems and encouraging cooperation on global issues. That would be a surprise.36.According to Paragraph 1, Robert Gordon was concerned about[A] the global economy has doomed to an end.[B] the rapid economic and technological growth has been perpetual.[C] the creative and "disruptive" nature of today''s high-tech industry.[D] the economic growth might halt to a great extent.37. It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that
[A] new inventions increase at a much slower pace.[B] the frequency of discovery of new technologies may increase.[C] most new inventions now depend on existing technologies.[D] people now stop exploring new technologies.38. The word "incremental"(last line, Para 4) is closest in meaning to[A] increasing moderately.[B] decreasing dramatically.[C] stagnant constantly.[D] inevitable temporarily.39. The author''s attitude towards technologies for social science is one of[A] approval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.
[D] cautiousness.40. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Economy Collapse[B] Innovation Slowdown[C] Scientific Outbreak[D] Future PredictionPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitablesubheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extraSubheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)A)Asking for parental involvement
B) Setting up small groupsC) Making classroom events predictableD) Extending the patterns of classroom communicationsE) Supporting students'' use of language for second language acquisitionF) Encouraging students to use models 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
8
G)Allowing variability in the patterns of classroom communicationsHow to Teach Second LanguageIt should be evident that the way in which the patterns of communication are established andmaintained in second language classroom is not random. Teachers, by virtue of the status theyhold and the ways they use language, have the authority to retain control over both the content andstructure of classroom communication. At times, teachers tightly control the topic of discussion,what counts as relevant to that topic, who may participate and when. At other times, teachers granta varying degree of control to their students by allowing them to select the topic of discussion,contribute to what counts as relevant to that topic, and self-select when and how they willparticipate. Thus, the patterns of classroom communication depend largely on how teachers uselanguage to control the structure and content of classroom events.41
To promote the patterns of communication in second language classrooms, teachers mustestablish an atmosphere in and outside the classroom that is encouraging, supporting andaccepting of any and all student contributions. This means accepting student contributions not asright or wrong answers but as an indication of where students are, what students understand andhow they have made sense of what they are learning. For example, second language studentsspend much less time in school than outside school. Therefore, what they learn at home and intheir primary social communities greatly influences how they learn, talk, act and interact. Ifteachers wish to promote communications in second language classrooms, they must make effortsto learn about the home culture and social communities of their second language students byworking closely with parents and community members.42 As for second language classroom communication, when students know exactly what isexpected of them and have plenty of opportunities to prepare, they are more willing and able to
participate in classroom events. To do so, teachers can provide students with models todemonstrate exactly what they are expected to do within the context of full performance.43 Nevertheless, teachers need to adjust their instructional practices to adapt to their students''communicative behavior. This means teachers need to bring into classrooms students'' own framesof reference, particularly their cultural beliefs, assumptions and expectations about who they areand what role they should play.44 Teachers need to find out the most effective form and way to deliver language to students andhelp their learning. It is proposed that small group activities are more conducive for learning sincethey tend to distance teachers’ control over the patterns of communication. In addition, smallgroup activities enable students to take a more active role in what they are learning, as well ashave more opportunities to contribute to and help formulate the information that is generated and
learned.45 Students are challenged to use language that is beyond their current proficiency level, andtheir attempts to do so should be supported by teachers. In this way, students have opportunities toparticipate in a range of language functions and use language in both planned and unplanned心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
9
discourse. Consequently, students will gradually develop their own ability to master a secondlanguage.This chapter has examined a range of issues that teachers must consider if they wish topromote more effective language learning of their second language students: they must be willingto look and listen to their students, to see what they are capable of, to alter, adjust and extend whatthey do, so as to maximize their students'' competencies and performance.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us tomodify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (46) In classical physics, the mass of anobject had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some "stuff" of
which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to dowith any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated withactivity, or with processes. (47) The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain ofenergy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as adynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.(48) This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativisticequation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful inaccounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetrybetween matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass asthe electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron,was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter andanti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass andopposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available
and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction. (49) Theseprocesses of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before theywere actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect ofrelativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(50) Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered asbeing either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objectswhich could be broken up into their constituent parts and the basic question was whether onecould divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallestindivisible units. Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A51. Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to thesales department of a bookstore to ask for:1) detailed information about the books you want, 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
10
2) methods of payments, and3) time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “LiMing” instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay. You should1) describe the pictures briefly.2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) (英 一 考 生 )
Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay onANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points） （ 英 二 考 生 ）
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生 心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
心彼心插班生
|
|
