é
SI
12
12g C
6
=
=
1
H (g) + O (g) ? H O(l) + 286kJ (1)
2 2 2
2
1
-1
H (g) + O (g) ? H O(l) H = -286kJ ? mol (2)
2 2 2
2
1
N (g) + O (g) ? NO (g) - 34kJ
2 2 2
2
1
-1
N (g) + O (g) ? NO (g) H = +34kJ ? mol
2 2 2
2
-1
N (g) + 2O (g) ? 2NO (g) H = +68kJ ? mol
2 2 2
-1
6CO + 6H O ?C H O + 6O H = +289kJ ? mol
2 2 6 12 6 2
( )
12
C = 12
6
12 - 26
C (1.9927 · 10 kg) 1 / 12
6
A
X A Z
Z
Z
A
( X) (A - Z)
Z
Z
1 2 3
3 H H H
1 1 1
234 235 238 235
U U U3 U
92 92 92 92
16
O
8
17
O
8
18
O
8
1 1
m = + m =
s s
2 2
1
I A
26 Fe
1 1s 1 H 2
II A
S s d
2 2s,2p 3 Li 4 Be
S S
3 3s,3p 11 Na 12 Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
III B IV B V B VI B VII B
S S
4 4s,3d,4 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe
p
S S S d S d s d s d s d s d
5 5s,4d,5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru
p
s s s d s d s d s d s d s d
6 6s,4f,5d 55 Cs 56 Ba 57~71 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os
,6p
s s s df [f ]s d s d s d s d s d
7 7s,5f,6d 87 Fr 88 Ra 89~103 104 Rf 105 Ha 106 107 108
Unh Uns Uno
s s s df s d s d
s d
ns (n-1)d ns
18
VIII A
13 14 15 16 17 10 H 2
III A IV A V A VI A VII A
S
5B 6C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 8
s p p p p p p
9 10 11 12 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 8
VIII B I B II B
s p p p p p p
27 Co 28 Ni\ 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ca 32 Ga 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 18
s d s d s d s d s d p p p p p p
45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 18
s d s d s d s d s d p p p p p p
77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82n Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 32
s d s d s d s d f s d p p p p p p
109
Une
ds p
(n-1)d ns ns np
F (n-2)f (n-1)d ns
57~71 s df 57 La 58 Cc 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm
d f d f f f f
87~103 s df 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu
d d d f d f f d f
63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu
f d f f f f f f f d f
95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr
f d f f f f f (f ) (f ) (d f )
H
13.598
Li Be
5.392 9.322
Na Mg
5.139 7.646
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
4.341 6.113 6.54 6.82 6.74 6.766 7.435 7.870 7.635
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
4.177 5.695 6.38 6.84 6.88 7.099 7.28 7.37 7.46
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
3.894 5.212 5.577 7.0 7.89 7.98 7.88 8.7 9.1
Fr Ra Ac
5.279 6.9
He
24.587
B C N O F Ne
8.298 11.260 14.534 13.618 17.422 21.564
Al Si P S Cl Ar
5.986 8.151 10.486 10.360 12.967 15.759
Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
7.635 7.726 9.394 5.999 7.899 9.81 9.752 11.814 13.999
Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
8.34 7.576 8.993 5.786 7.344 8.641 9.009 10.451 12.130
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
9.0 9.225 10.437 6.108 7.416 7.289 8.42 10.748
” ”
Li Be
1.0 1.5 H
Na Mg
2 1
0.9 1.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2
Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os
0.7 0.9 1.0-1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2
Fr Ra Ac
0.7 0.9 1.1
B C N O F
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Al Si P S Cl
1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Re I
2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2
“ ”
2 3 19 117 235
H H F Sn U
1 1 9 50 92
128 2-
Te
52
195
Pt
78
20.92
-1
= 0.7150 41.88MJ kg 1kg
29.26
41.88
1.431kg = 1.431
29.26
( )
( )
( )
( )
. . 1992 2
CaC + H O HC CH + CaO
2 2
2C H + 5O 4CO + 2H O
2 2 2 2 2
( 3000 )
. .
mCO + nH O ?C (H O) + O
2 2 m 2 n 2
1
C + O = CO
2
2
. .
- 1
kJ ? g
H SO
2 4
CH = CH + H O ? CH CH OH
2 2 2 3 2
CH = CH + HCl CH CH Cl
2 2 3 2
1
CH CH CH = CH + O ? CH = CH - CH = CH + H O
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
C H ? C H + C H
16 34 8 18 8 16
. . 1993 3
I
-1
2
CH CHO ?CH + CO E ''= 136kJ ? mol
3 4 a
’
1
C H + O CH CHO
2 4 2 3
2
C H + 3O 2CO + 2H O
2 4 2 2 2
235
RaCl 50 1g 235 U
2 92
-1 2
8 10 kJ 1g H
1
4 238
4 + 2 He 238 U
2 92
234
90 234 Th
90
238 234 4
U Th + a( He)
92 90 2
0
0 1 e
-1
234 234
Th 234 Pa
90 91
234 234 0
Th Pa + b( e)
90 91 -1
30
30 P
15
0
< /PGN0069.TXT / PGN > +1 e
+1
30
30 Si
14
27 4 30 1
Al + He P + n
13 2 15 0
30 30 0
P Si+ e
15 14 +1
30
P
15
1 4 12 15 18
H He C N O
1 2 6 7 8
182 208 208 237
4 Hf Pt Hg Th
72 78 80 90
235
U
92
7 B 92
235 239
U Pu U 235
92 94
t1/2 30
U-235
10kg
2
2 H 1
1
4
He
2
2 2 4
H + H He
1 1 2
. . 1988 3
2 6 4
H + Li 2 He
1 3 2
131 125 31 60
1500 I I P Co
53 53 15 29
14
C
6
1 1
2+ -
Cu + 2e Cu
2+ -
Zn Zn + 2e
+ -1 - q
2H (1.0mol ? L ) + 2e = H (100kPa) E = 0
2 H+
/H
2
q
E = +0.34V
2+
Cu
/Cu
q
0.34V E + = 0.76V 0.76V
Zn /Zn
+ -
Zn + 4NH Cl (NH ) ZnCl + 2NH + 2e
4 4 2 4 4
- -
MnO + H O + e MnO(OH) + OH
2 2
2- + -
PbO +SO + 4H + 2e PbSO + 2H O
2 4 4 2
2- -
Pb + SO PbSO + 2e
4 4
PbO + Pb + 2H SO 2PbSO + 2H O
2 2 4 4 2
2- + -
PbO PbSO + 2H O PbO +SO + 4H + 2e
2 4 2 2 4
- 2-
Pb PbSO + 2e Pb +SO
4 4
2PbSO + 2H O PbO + Pb + 2H SO
4 2 2 2 4
99
- -
2Zn + 4OH 2Zn(OH ) + 4e
2
- -
Ag O + 2H O + 4e 2Ag + 4OH
2 2 2
2Zn + Ag O + 2H O 2Zn (OH) + 2Ag
2 2 2 2
2NaCl ?2Na + Cl
2
2 2 6 1
Na 1s 2s 2p 3s
11
2 2 6 5
Cl 1s 2s 2p 3p
17
2 2 6 2
Mg 1s 2s 2p 3s
12
2 2 6 2 5
Cl 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
17
2 2 4
O 1s 2s 2p
8
. 1993 7
1
-1
NaCl(s) Na(g) + Cl (g) U = 789kJ ? mol
2
2
r
0
-1
pm kJ ? mol
+ -
d d
+ -
H I
C = C = O
-1
kJ ? mol
CH + 2O = CO + 2H O
4 2 2 2
CH CH +2O =CO +2H O
56
C H 2C H +13O =8CO +10H O
50
C H 2C H +25O =16CO +18H O
48
C+O =CO
C 33
H
1
123
H + O = H O
2 2 2
2
1
H O = H + O
2 2 2
2
1
H - O - H = H - H + O = O
2
2mol H - O 1 mol H - H 0.5 mol O = O
436kJ 0.5 ·
2 · 465kJ = 930kJ 498kJ = 249kJ
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
:
:
( ) ( )
:
,
,
( )
, ,
hv( )
6CO (g) + 6H O ? C H O + 6O (g)
2 2 6 12 6 2
( )
hv
NO g ? NO g O g
2
2SO + O ?2SO
2 2 3
SO + H O H SO 2H SO + O ?2H SO
3 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 4
SO + H O H SO
2 2 2 3
hv
O ? 2O
2
O + O O
2 3
2NH + 3O ?2HNO + 2H O
3 2 2 2
2HNO + O ?2HNO
2 2 3
. . 1978 2
+ -
3HNO H + NO + 2NO + H O
2 3 2
n
E = C / C
i is
i=1
. . 1993 4 52
2+ 2+
Cd + Ca (OH) Cd(OH) + Ca
2 2
2+ 2+
Hg + Ca (OH ) Hg(OH) + Ca
2 2
m n
K = {c / c} ?{c / c}
n +1 m-
sp
A B
2+ 2- + 3+ 3+
6Fe + Cr O +14H 6Fe + 2Cr + 7H O
2 7 2
. . 1996 4 10
C H + Cl + Ca (OH ) C H O + CaCl + H O
2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2
44 111 18
2p
n n = a NaCl
a
. . 1995 10 6 25
n n 1 2 3 4 6
4
4 6 4 m i 8 32
. . 1987 1
2Al O ?4Al + 3O
2 3 2
1
H + O H O(1) + 286kJ
2 2 2
2
1
H O(1) ?H + O
2 2 2
2
1300
3Si + 2N ?Si N
2 3 4
ü
6CO + 6H O + ( ) ?C H O + 6O
2 2 6 12 6 2
. BGO. 1988 2
+ O ?CO + H O +
2 2 2
-
? ?
O HO HOOH OH
2 2
-
?
O
2
- -
? + ? ?
O H HO O
2 2 2
H O OH
2 2
-
? -
O + H O ? O + ?OH + OH
2 2 2 2
?
R RO
2
?
R ?+O RO
2 2
-
?
O
2
-
? ?
O O
2 2
Cys Cy
-
?
O SOD SOD
2
-
?
SOD O
2
- - SOD
? ? +
O + O + 2H ? H O + O
2 2 2 2 2
-
?
SOD O
2
- -
? ?
SOD O SOD O
2 2
. . 1994 5 26
. . 1992 8 8
. . 1988 3 1
. . 1994 3 6
B B B B
A D C
1 2 6 12
B
5
IU IU mg mg mg mg mg
mg
g
- 1 - 1
g
mg ? kg
mg ? kg
g
- 1 -1
mg? kg mg? kg
g
Molly M.Bloomfield. . .
é
é
é
0
-1
454.8kJ mol 0.74 A
é
. . 1996 2 18
Peter.Coveney. . .
I.R.Prigogine. . .
M.Eigen . . .
. .
I.R.Prigogine. . .
Peter.Coveney . . .
é
. . .
é
. . 1990 5 1 . 1993 2
. . 1994 6
. .
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