UNIT 12: ENGINE BREAKDOWNSau khi nghiên c?u bài 12, h?c viên c?n n?m ?
??c:? Cách th?c ti?n hành liên l?c VHF, làm r? các hi?u l?m trong
liên l?c, nh?n và phát các b?c ?i?n chính xác.??Các k? n?ng giao
ti?p: nghe, nói, ??c, vi?t.??Cách s? d?ng c?m t? tiêu chu?n tron
g liên l?c VHF.??Cách s? d?ng cau h?i ?u?i??Các nhóm ph? am, ng?
?i?u lên và xu?ng12.1. Ng? pháp (4 gi?)12.1.1 ??i t? và tr?ng t?
quan h?WHO- Là ??i t? quan h?? thay th? cho danh t? ho?c ??i t? (
??i t??ng ) ch? ng??i làm ch? ng? trong m?nh ?? quan h?. N?u ??
i t??ng ???c thay th? là tan ng? c?a cau th? nh?t và là ch? ng??
c?a cau th? hai thì ta ch? vi?c b? ch? ng? ?ó ?i và thay b?ng?WHO
.Eg: ??I have met the boy?.?He?is playing football.Cau này ??i th
ành: I have met? the boy?who?is playing football. N?u ??i t??ng
là ch? ng?? c?a hai cau : Thay ch? ng?? c?a cau th? hai b?ng?WHO?
và ??t cau ?ó sau ch? ng? c?a cau th? nh?t.Eg: ??The girl is spea
king in the room.?She?is our new teacher.Cau này ???c ??i thành:
The girl ,?who?is speaking in the room is my new teacher.Chú y: T
rong t?t c? các cau ch?a ??i t? quan h?, ??i t? quan h? lu?n ??ng
sau danh t? hay ??i t? mà nó thay th? cho.WHOM- Dùng ?? thay th?
cho ??i? t??ng? ch? ng??i làm tan ng? trong m?nh ?? quan h?.Eg:
? I met?the girl?. You helped?her?yesterday.Cau này ??i thành: I
met the girl?whom?you helped? yesterday.-? Chú y: Trong cau có m?
nh ?? quan h??whom?làm tan ng?,?Whom?có th? l??c b? ???c mà kh?ng
làm ?nh h??ng ??n y ngh?a c?a cau và?Whom?lu?n ??ng ngay sau ??i
t??ng mà nó thay th? cho.WHOSE- Là ??i t? quan h? dùng ?? thay t
h? cho Tính t? s? h?u , s? h?u cách trong m?nh ?? quan h?.?Whose?
dùng cho c? ??i t??ng ng??i và v?t.- V? trí : ??ng gi?a hai Danh
t?.N?u ??i t??ng là ch? ng? c?a hai cau : thay Tính t? s? h?u c?a
cau th? hai b?ng?Whose?và chuy?n c? cau ?ó sau ch? ng?? c?a cau
th? nh?t :Eg: ??The girl?is my new classmate. Her father?is s doc
tor.Cau này ???c ??i thành: The girl , whose?father is a doctor,
is my new classmate.WHICHa.?Which?dùng ?? thay th? cho t? ch? v?t
làm ch? ng?? trong cau th? hai :+ N?u ??i t??ng là ch? ng?? c?a
hai cau : thay ch? ng? c?a cau th? hai b?ng?WHICHvà chuy?n cau ?ó
??ng sau ch? ng? c?a cau th? nh?tEg: ??The film?is very interest
ing.?It?is made two years ago.Cau này có th? ??i thành: The film,
which?is made two years ago, is very interesting.+N?u ??i t??ng
là tan ng? c?a cau th? nh?t và ch? ng? c?a cau hai : thay ch? ng?
c?a cau hai b?ng?WHICHEg: ? She gives me?a very nice bag.?this b
ag?is on the table.Cau này có th? ??i thành: She give?a very nice
bag, which?is on the table.b.?Which?dùng ?? thay th? cho s? v?t
làm tan ng? trong m?nh ?? quan h?.- N?u ??i t??ng là ch? ng? tron
g cau th? nh?t và tan? ng? c?a cau th? hai, ta thay tan ng? c?a c
au hai b?ng?Which?và chuy?n lên ??u cau hai sau ?ó ??t c? cau hai
??ng sau ch? ng? c?a cau th? nh?t :Eg: ??The book?is very intere
sting . I bought?it?yesterday.Cau này ??i thành: The book,??which
I read yesterday?is very interesting.- N?u ??i t??ng là tan ng?
c?a hai cau : chuy?n tan? ng?? c?a cau th? hai? thànhwhich?và ??a
lên ??u cau ?ó.Eg: ? I didn’t find?the hat. my mother??give it?t
o me last week.Cau này ??i thành: I didn’t find the?hat,? which?m
y mother gave to me last week.THATThat?là ??i t? dùng ?? thay th?
cho ch? ng?, tan ng? c? ng??i và v?t trong m?nh ?? quan h?.Eg: ?
?The man?is very tall. I met?him?yesterday.Cau này ???c ??i thành
:?The man that?I met yesterday is very tall.WHEN- Dùng ?? thay th
? cho t? ho?c c?m t? ch? th?i gian : day , time , year , Monday……
..-?When?thay th? cho : on/in/at + which ( in/on/at + t? , c?m t?
ch? th?i gian ).- Cách làm : ta? chuy?n? “in/on/at + t? , c?m t?
ch? th?i gian” thành?WHEN( Tu? theo t?ng tr??ng h?p mà chuy?n ??
i nh? các ??a t? quan h? ).Eg: ? She met me?two? days ago.?I came
home?two?days ago.Cau này ??i thành: She met me?two? days ago, w
hen?I came back home.WHERE- Dùng ?? thay th? cho t? ho?c c?m t? c
h? n?i ch?n : city , village , place…..-?Where????c thay th? cho
“in/on/at + n?i ch?n” ( in/on/at + which).( Tùy theo t?ng tr??ng
h?p mà chuy?n ??i nh? các ??a t? quan h? ).Eg: ? She lives??in Ha
noi.?People often come?this city?to find a good job.Cau này ???c
??i thành: She lives?in Hanoi where People?often come? to find a
good job.Chú y:?Where = in which?nên?where?và?in which?có th? dùn
g thay th? cho nhau.WHY- Dùng ?? n?i cau khi cau tr??c có t? “the
reason”.- V? trí : ??ng ngay sau t? “ the reason”.Eg: ? I don’t
khow?the reason?. He didn’t go to school. (I don’t khow the reaso
n?why?he didn’t go to school)12.1.2. M?nh ?? quan h? xác ??nhM?nh
?? quan h? xác ??nh th??ng ??ng sau the + noun. Ngòai ra chúng c
ó th? ???c dùng sau m?o t? a, an + danh t? ho?c danh t? s? nhi?u
kh?ng có the, và nh?ng ??i t? nh? all, none, anybody, somebody,..
..Eg: ? I like the ruler which my friend bought from Laos very mu
ch? Somebody who must be a naughty boy made my window broken when
i was not at home.M?nh ?? quan h? xác ??nh th??ng ???c ??t ngay
sau the+ danh t? ho?c ??i t?, nh?ng ??i khi chúng b? tách ra b?i
m?t t? ho?c 1 c?m t? ( th??ng là tr?ng ng?).Eg: ? I saw something
in the newspaper which would interest you.D?u ph?y kh?ng ???c dù
ng trong m?nh ?? quan h? xác ??nhChúng ta kh?ng th? b? ???c m?nh
?? quan h? trong cau vì nh? th? làm ngh?a c?a cau kh?ng r? ràng.W
hom là 1 t? r?t trang tr?ng và ch? ???c s? d?ng trong v?n vi?t. C
Húng ta có th? s? d?ng who/ that ho?c b? ?i c?ng ???c!Eg: ? The m
an whom we are talking about is a successfull businessman.? The m
an (who/ that) we are talking about is a successfull businessman.
That th??ng theo sau các t? nh? something, anything, everything,
nothing, all và trong so sánh b?c nh?t12.1.3. M?nh ?? quan h? kh?
ng xác ??nhM?nh ?? quan h? kh?ng xác ??nh ???c dùng ?? b? ngh?a c
ho 1 danh t? ???c ?? c?p ??n trong cau. Nó cho ta bi?t th?ng tin
thêm v? ng??i, v? s? v?t, m?t hi?n t??ng nào ?ó ???c bi?u hi?n ?
danh t? mà nó b? ngh?a.Eg: ? William Shakespeare, who was in Stra
tford-on-Avon, wrote the play "Romeo and Juliet"Notes:M?nh ?? qua
n h? kh?ng xác ??nh lu?n ???c tách ra kh?i ph?n còn l?i c?a cau =
d?u ph?y.Eg: ? Mr John, who is the vice-president of our Univers
ity, is going to LonDon next week.Trong m?nh ?? quan h? kh?ng xác
??nh, ta kh?ng dùng that thay th? cho who, whom, ho?c whichChúng
ta kh?ng ???c phép b? ??i t? quan h?, ngay c? khi nó là tan ng?
c?a ??ng t? trong m?nh ?? quan h? kh?ng xác ??nh.Eg: ? He told me
about Susan, who he just met at a party4. M?nh ?? quan h? kh?ng
xác ??nh có th? ???c m? ??u b?ng các c?m t? nh? all of, many of +
??i t? quan h?Vài c?m t? có th? s? d?ngAll ofSome of?Many ofA fe
w ofEach ofNeither of?Either ofNone ofMany ofMuch ofOne,two,...of
Most ofEg: ? There were a lot of students gathering at the hall,
all of whom looked excited.12.2. T? v?ng (4 gi?)12.2.1 Past modal
s12.2.1?Past modals:?dùng ?? ?oán ho?c suy lu?n v? quá kh?.?Subje
ct + modal + have + V3-Dùng?may (not) have/ might (not) have/ cou
ld (not) have: ?? ph?ng ?oán v? tình hu?ng trong quá kh? nh?ng kh
?ng có nhi?u c?n c?.-Dùng?must (not) have/ have to have/ have got
to have: ?? ??a ra 1 k?t lu?n v? m? s? ki?n trong quá kh? khi ??
có m?t cái gì ?ó ch?c ch?n và tin r?ng ch? có duy nh?t 1 l?i gi?
i thích h?p ly cho s? vi?c trên.-Dùng?can’t have/ couldn’t have:
khi b?n ch?c r?ng 1 vi?c kh?ng ly nào x?y ra (unlikely) ho?c kh?n
g th? x?y ra (impossible); Dùng?can’t have/ couldn’t have??? bày
t? m?t s? ng?c nhiên ho?c kh?ng tin vào m?t ?i?u gì ?ó trong quá
kh?.M?t s? ch?c n?ng khác c?a Past Modals:a)??????-?Could have: d
ùng ?? nói ho?c qu? trách m?t ng??i nào ?ó co kh? n?ng ho?c c? h?
i ?? làm m?t ?i?u gì ?ó trong quá kh? nh?ng h? l?i kh?ng làm.Eg:
? You could have spoken French with her, but you were too shy (yo
u didn’t speak French with her )?-?Could: dùng ?? nói ??n kh? n?n
g và c? h?i c?a m?t ng??i trong quá kh? và h? ?? bi?t t?n d?ng ??
th?c hi?n ?i?u ?ó.Eg: ? I lived near the school, so I could walk
there. (I walked to school)b) -?Should (n’t) have:+ Bày t? m?t l
?i khuyên trong quá kh?Eg: ? You shouldn’t have driven in bad wea
ther.+ Bày t? m?t l?i khuyên trong qua kh?+ Chê trách b?n v? m?t
trách nhi?m - b?n ph?n ho?c m?t vi?c ?áng l? ra ph?i làm nh?ng l?
i kh?ng làm (ho?c ng??c l?i )Eg: ? You should have asked for help
.+ Bày t? m?t s? luy?n ti?c cho m?t vi?c làm, quy?t ??nh sai trái
trong quá kh?Eg: ? I should have accepted the job offer.-?Ought
(not) to have:?nói v? m?t vi?c ?áng l? ra nên làm (ho?c kh?ng nên
làm ) trong quá kh? nh?ng ng??i ?ó ?? làm.-?May (not) và must?kh
?ng có d?ng?Past Modal?thay vào ?ó ta dùng?had to?và?didn’t have
to.?May (not)dùng ?? bày t? m?t s? cho phép (permission),?Must?dù
ng ?? bày t? m?t s? c?n thi?t.L?u y:?Musn’t?kh?ng ???c dùng ?? nó
i y kh?ng c?n thi?t mà?dùng ?? bày t? m?t s? ng?n c?m.12.2.2 C?m
t? m? t? s? h?ng hócBreakdown and Repair of Ships Main Diesel Eng
ine at SeaWhen the ship’s main diesel marine engine breaks down a
t sea, it is imperative that the Engineering Officers affect repa
irs as quickly as possible in order to restore power and steerage
. This means that sufficient spares and tools must be carried to
repair the marine power diesel engine.General Description of a Su
lzer Marine Diesel Engine and Key Component LocationsI have saile
d as watch keeping engineer on many marine engines, both steam an
d motor, and although I served my apprenticeship at Harland & Wol
ff Belfast who built B & W engines, I prefer the Sulzer RD engine
to any other. They are turbocharged, two-stroke crosshead engine
s, running on diesel oil when maneuvering and on heavy oil when a
t sea.Removal of Piston for Ring InspectionWe had to do quite a b
it of stripping to examine the piston rings and confirm the Chief
''s suspicions of broken rings, so we started by opening the main
engine door on No.1 unit and the scavenge doors letting the engin
e cool down whilst we gathered together the gear for lifting out
the piston. We were soon ready to start stripping the cylinder he
ad and insert. This was accomplished by removing all the pipe-wor
k from the cylinder head components; we used to remove the fuel v
alve, relief valve, indicator cock and air-start valve as well. H
owever, the Chief had made up a metal frame which held a spare cy
linder head, complete with all the overhauled components. This wa
s then ready to replace the old one, and saved a lot of time, the
old cylinder head being overhauled at our leisure.The cylinder h
ead is fitted to the insert by nuts on studs and once the nuts we
re removed, lifted off using the overhead crane. The insert was t
hen lifted clear after removing the nuts from the long studs scre
wed into the cylinder jacket.Meanwhile I was in the crankcase, ha
ving clambered up to the crosshead bearing, and was disconnecting
the piston rod nut, using hydraulic tensioning gear. The piston
cooling pipes were then disconnected leaving the piston ready for
removal and inspection.The greasers had also been busy cleaning
out the scavenge space and the carbon deposits around the exhaust
ports.Back on the top-plates the boys had the piston ready for r
emoval having scraped away the carbon ring deposit left around th
e top of the liner by combustion; this would otherwise impede the
removal of the piston.An eyebolt was screwed into the top of the
piston and slings attached to this and the overhead crane.I went
back to the crankcase and as the piston was removed, guided the
piston rod through the crosshead bearing watching for possible th
read damage before going to the scavenge to guide the rod through
the piston rod gland.Once clear of the engine the piston was lan
ded in the maintenance support frame, a section of plate being li
fted to allow it to pass through the top plates, giving us access
to the rings.12.3. Ng? am12.3.1. Ng? ?i?u xu?ng trong cau h?iA q
uestion mark is placed at the end of a sentence that asks a quest
ion. Questions end in both rising and falling intonation. If the
sentence ends in falling intonation, the voice tone goes down at
the end of the sentence, much like musical notes on a piano. If a
sentence ends in rising intonation, the voice tone goes up at th
e end of the sentence.Falling Intonation?Questions that begin wit
h?who,?what,?when,?where,?why,?which, and?how?(often referred to
as “wh-questions”) usually end in?falling intonation.Examples:?Eg
: ? What time is it?? Who is she?? When is he coming?Also, comman
ds and statements end in falling intonation. Commands and stateme
nts end in a period.CommandsEg: ? Shut the door.?? Write your nam
e.StatementsEg: ? The color is blue.? It is raining.12.3.2 Ng? ?i
?u lên trong cau h?iRising Intonation?Questions that can be answe
red with a “yes” or “no” answer (often referred to as “yes/no que
stions”) usually end in?rising intonation. The voice tone goes up
at the end of the sentence.Eg: ? Is it five o’clock yet?? Is tha
t Mrs. Smith?In addition, wh-questions that ask for clarification
or restating end in rising intonation.Eg: ? What did you just sa
y?? What did you say your name was??12.4 K? n?ng giao ti?p: nghe,
nói, ??c, vi?t (4 gi?)12.4.1 Th?o lu?n vi?c hao mòn máy? What mu
st the first priority be when machinery breaks down?? What are th
e reasons of the engines shutting down?? What should be done for
safety and efficiency in the engine operation?? What may be the r
esult of engine failure?12.4.2. Nghe hi?uNghe và ghi chép th?ng t
in v??Quy trình H?ng máy chínhMain Engine failureIn case of main
engine failure the officer on duty must immediately call the Mast
er. Chief Engineer must locate the failure and report to the brid
ge as soon as possible. Following must be observed:Bridge:? Stop
main engine, if not already stopped? Use the rudder to best navig
ational advantage.? Prepare for anchoring if in shallow waters.?
Exhibit "Not under command" shapes or lights.? Make appropriate s
ound and light signals? Determine position.? Broadcast Urgency me
ssage to ship in vicinity, if appropriate.? Inform the Company.En
gine:? If blacked out-restore electrical power? Check main engine
starting interlocks not activated? Locate fault? Check main engi
ne systems operational? Restart main engine? Inform the bridge12.
4.3 ??c hi?uH?c viên ??c và d?ch sang ti?ng Vi?tSteering gear fai
lureIn case of steering gear failure at sea the officer on duty m
ust immediately call the Master. Chief Engineer must locate the f
ailure and report to the bridge as soon as possible. Following mu
st be observed:Bridge:? Inform the Engine room and the Master.? E
ngage emergency steering? Prepare engines for manoeuvring.? Prepa
re for anchoring if shallow waters? Exhibit appropriate shapes or
lights.? Make appropriate sound and light signals? Determine pos
ition.? Broadcast Urgency message to ship in vicinity, if appropr
iate.? Inform the CompanyEngine room:? Locate fault? Check electr
ical supply? Check oil levels? Change over to emergency steering
(If required)? Test communication from the steering gear to the b
ridge? Inform the bridgeH?c viên chu?n b? bài thuy?t trình v??Ngu
yên nhan hao mòn máy và cách kh?c ph?c.https://www.machinemetrics
.com/blog/machine-failureTo prepare a presentation on causes of m
achine wear and tear and how to fix it, you can follow these step
shttps://www.machinemetrics.com/blog/machine-failure1:Start with
an introduction that explains what machine wear and tear is and why it is important to address it.Provide an overview of the different types of machine wear and tear, including abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and fatigue wear.Discuss the impact of machine wear and tear on equipment performance and lifespan.Outline some of the ways that machine wear and tear can be prevented and reduced, such as proper maintenance of equipment and training of personnel.Provide step-by-step instructions for fixing common types of machine wear and tear, including how to identify the problem, how to repair or replace damaged parts, and how to prevent future damage.End with a conclusion that summarizes your main points and encourages your audience to take action.Here are some additional tips for preparing your presentation:Use clear language that is easy for your audience to understand.Use visuals such as images and diagrams to help illustrate your points.Include real-world examples of machine wear and tear to help your audience understand the problem.I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions or concerns. |
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